Tree warbler

Tree warbler

Taxobox
name = Tree Warblers



image_width = 220px
image_caption = Several "Hippolais" species.
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Passeriformes
familia = Acrocephalidae
genus = "Hippolais"
genus_authority = von Baldenstein, 1827
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "H. caligata"
"H. rama"
"H. pallida"
"H. languida"
"H. olivetorum"
"H. opaca"
"H. polyglotta"
"H. icterina"

Tree warblers are horny, medium-sized birds belonging to the genus " Hippolais ", [ Del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2006). "Handbook of the Birds of the World" Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 849655306X.] formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" family Sylviidae but now separated in the marsh- and tree-warbler family Acrocephalidae. They occur in Europe, Africa and western Asia.

These warblers are always associated with trees, though normally in fairly open woodland rather than tight plantations. They are quite clumsy in their movements.

These are plump, strong-looking birds with long bills, strong feet and long wing. Most are unstreaked greenish or brownish above and cream or white below. They are insectivorous, but will occasionally take berries or seeds.

Species breeding in temperate regions are usually strongly migratory.

Considerable evidence, much of it summarised in Parkin et al (2004), [ Parkin, David T., Martin Collinson, Andreas J. Helbig, Alan G. Knox, George Sangster and Lars Svensson (2004) Species limits in "Acrocephalus" and "Hippolais" warblers from the Western Palearctic "British Birds" Vol 97 No 6 pages 276-299] suggests that the genus "Hippolais" is paraphyletic with respect to "Acrocephalus". DNA studies e.g. Leisler et al (1997), [Leisler, B. P. Heidrich, K. M. Schulze-Hagen and M. Wink (1997) Taxonomy and phylogeny of reed warblers (genus "Acrocephalus") based on mtDNA sequences and morphology "J. Ornithol. 138:469-496"] interpreted in Sangster (1997), [Sangster, George (1997) Trends in Systematics - "Acrocephalus" and "Hippolais" relationships: shaking the tree "Dutch Birding Vol 19 No 6 pages 294-300"] indicated that the olivaceous and Booted/Sykes's warbler grouping (the subgenus "Iduna") are more closely related to "Acrocephalus" species than they are to Icterine and Melodious Warblers and as a result the Dutch CSNA has moved these four species into "Acrocephalus". [Sangster, George, Cornelius J. Hazevoet, Arnoud B. van den Berg and C. S. Roselaar (1998) Dutch avifaunal list: species concepts, taxonomic instability, and taxonomic changes in 1998 "Dutch Birding" Vol 20 No 1 pages 22-32] A subsequent review [Alan G. Knox, Martin Collinson, Andreas J. Helbig, David T. Parkin, George Sangster (2002) Taxonomic recommendations for British birds "Ibis" 144 (4): 707–710. DOI|10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00110.x] by the BOURC retained the genus "Hippolais", for all eight species, but in agreement with Sangster, acknowledged that they fell into two groups. The retention of the "Iduna" grouping within "Hippolais" was done because it was felt that more evidence was needed for its placement, because of low bootstrap values, [Helbig, A. J. and Seibold, I. (1999) Molecular phylogeny of Palearctic-African "Acrocephalus" and "Hippolais" warblers (Aves:Sylviidae) "Mol. Phyl. Evol." 11:246-260] rather than because of a belief that the status quo was correct - no evidence was put forward to refute the DNA findings. Mark Constantine, in "The Sound Approach to Birding" [Constantine, Mark & the Sound Approach (2006) "The Sound Approach to birding - a guide to understanding bird sound" ISBN 90-810933-1-2 pages 142-148 ] illustrated that there is extensive overlap in song types between species from the two genera, and that vocally, no characters existed which enabled species to be sorted into one genus or the other. Kenneth Wiliamson [Williamson, K. (1968) "Identification for ringers 1. The genera Cettia, Locustella, Acrocephalus and Hippolais"] and Hadoram Shirihai, [Harris, A., H. Shirihai and D. Christie (1995) "The Macmillan birder's guide to European and Middle Eastern birds"] in discussing the identification of "Hippolais" and "Acrocephalus" warblers stressed the similarities between species in the two genera. Colin Bradshaw, in "British Birds", has written several articles on morphological similarity between cross-generic species-pairs e.g. Eastern Olivaceous and Blyth's Reed warblers (Bradshaw 2000 [Bradshaw, Colin (2000) Separating "Acrocephalus" and "Hippolais" warblers "British Birds" Vol 93 No 6 Page 277] ) and Paddyfield and Booted warblers (e.g. Bradshaw & Steele 1995 , [Bradshaw, Colin and Jimmy Steele (1995) Mystery photographs 195 "British Birds" Vol 88 No 11 pages 561-564 ] Bradshaw & Steele 1997, [Bradshaw, Colin and Jimmy Steele (1997) Mystery warblers in Tselinograd "British Birds" Vol 90 No 4 pages 155-158] the latter a response to Lars Svensson's comments [Svensson, Lars (1997) Mystery warblers in Tselinograd "British Birds" Vol 90 No 4 pages 152-154] on Bradshaw & Steele 1995).

The species are:

(subgenus "Iduna")

*Booted Warbler, "Hippolais caligata"
*Sykes' Warbler, "Hippolais rama"
*Western Olivaceous Warbler or Isabelline Warbler,Fact|date=July 2008 " Hippolais pallida"
*Eastern Olivaceous Warbler, " Hippolais opaca"

(subgenus "Hippolais")

*Upcher's Warbler, "Hippolais languida"
*Olive-tree Warbler, "Hippolais olivetorum"
*Melodious Warbler, "Hippolais polyglotta"
*Icterine Warbler, "Hippolais icterina"

References


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