Ernst Chladni

"Chladni" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Chladni (crater).

Ernst Chladni
Ernst Chladni
Born	November 30, 1756 Wittenberg
Died	April 3, 1827 Breslau
Nationality	German
Fields	Physics
Known for	Speed of sound Chladni plates

Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (German: [ˈɛʁnst ˈfloːʁɛns ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈkladnɪ]; 1756–1827) was a German physicist and musician. His important works include research on vibrating plates and the calculation of the speed of sound for different gases. For this some call him the "Father of Acoustics".^[1] He also did pioneering work in the study of meteorites, and therefore is regarded by some as the "Father of Meteoritics" as well.^[2]

Personal life

Although Chladni was born in Wittenberg, Germany, Chladni's family was from Kremnica, a mining town now in central Slovakia, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary. This has led to Chladni as being identified in the literature as German,^[3][4] Hungarian^[5] and Slovak.^[6]

Martin Chladni, Ernst Chladni's grandfather

Chladni came from an educated family of academics and learned men. Chladni's great-grandfather, Georg Chladni (1637–92), a Lutheran clergyman, had to flee Kremnica on October 19, 1673 during the Counter Reformation. Chladni's grandfather, Martin Chladni (1669–1725), was also a Lutheran theologian, and in 1710 became professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, and from 1720-1721 was dean of the faculty of theology and later rector of the university. Chaldni's uncle, Justus Georg Chladni (1701–1765), was a law professor at University of Wittenberg.^{[citation needed]}

Johann Martin Chladni, Ernst Chladni's uncle

Another uncle, Johann Martin Chladni (1710–1759), was a theologian and historian, and professor at the University of Erlangen and the University of Leipzig. Chladni's father, Ernst Martin Chladni (1715–1782), was a law professor and rector of the University of Wittenberg, where he joined the law faculty in 1746.^{[citation needed]} Chaldni's father disapproved of his son's interest in science and insisted that Chladni become a lawyer.^[6][7][8]

Chladni studied law and philosophy in Wittenberg and Leipzig, and obtained a law degree in 1782 from the University of Leipzig. When his father died in 1782, Chladni began his research in physics in earnest.^[7][8]

Chladni died in 1827 in Breslau, Lower Silesia, an area that is now in southwestern Poland. When Chladni died, this town was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was a member of the German Confederation.

Chladni plates

Chladni modes of a guitar plate

Chladni pattern 1

Chladni pattern 2

One of Chladni's best-known achievements was inventing a technique to show the various modes of vibration on a mechanical surface. Chladni repeated the pioneering experiments of Robert Hooke of Oxford University who, on July 8, 1680, had observed the nodal patterns associated with the vibrations of glass plates. Hooke ran a bow along the edge of a plate covered with flour, and saw the nodal patterns emerge.^[7][8]

Chladni's technique, first published in 1787 in his book, Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges ("Discoveries in the Theory of Sound"), consisted of drawing a bow over a piece of metal whose surface was lightly covered with sand. The plate was bowed until it reached resonance and the sand formed a pattern showing the nodal regions. Since the 20th century it has become more common to place a loudspeaker driven by an electronic signal generator over or under the plate to achieve a more accurate adjustable frequency.

Variations of this technique are commonly used in the design and construction of acoustic instruments such as violins, guitars, and cellos.

Musical instruments

Since at least 1738, a musical instrument called a "Glassspiel" or "Verillon" created by filling 18 beer glasses with varying amounts of water was popular in Europe.^[9] The beer glasses would be struck by wooden mallets shaped like spoons to produce "church and other solemn music".^[10] Benjamin Franklin was sufficiently impressed by a verillon performance on a visit to London in 1757 that he created his own instrument, the "armonica" in 1762.

Franklin's armonica inspired several other instruments, including two created by Chladni. In 1791, Chladni invented the musical instrument called "Chladni's Euphonium" (not to be confused with the brass instrument euphonium), consisting of glass rods of different pitches. Chladni's euphonium is the direct ancestor of the modern day musical instrument known as the Cristal Baschet.^[11] Chladni also improved on the Hooke "musical cylinder" to produce another instrument, the "Clavicylinder", in 1799.^[7][8][10]

Chladni travelled throughout Europe with his instruments giving demonstrations.^[6]

Other work

Chladni discovered Chladni's law, a simple algebraic relation for approximating the modal frequencies of the free oscillations of plates and other bodies.

Chladni estimated sound velocities in different gases by placing those gases in an organ pipe, playing it, and observing the sounds that emerged.^[12] This built on the work of Pierre Gassendi in measuring the speed of sound in air, begun in 1635.

In 1794, Chladni published, in German, Über den Ursprung der von Pallas gefundenen und anderer ihr ähnlicher Eisenmassen und über einige damit in Verbindung stehende Naturerscheinungen, (On the Origin of the Pallas Iron and Others Similar to it, and on Some Associated Natural Phenomena), in which he proposed that meteorites have their origins in outer space. This was a very controversial statement at the time,^[13] since meteorites were thought to be of volcanic origin. With this book Chladni also became one of the founders of modern meteorite research. Chladni was ridiculed at first for this claim, but it was confirmed in 1803 by Jean Baptiste Biot.^[7][8]

See also

• Bessel functions
• Cymatics
• Hans Jenny (cymatics)
• Based on Chladni's work, photographer Alexander Lauterwasser captures imagery of water surfaces set into motion by sound sources ranging from pure sine waves to music by Ludwig van Beethoven, Karlheinz Stockhausen and even overtone singing.
• Tritare, A guitar with Y-shaped strings which cause a certain Chladni-shaped vibrating pattern.
• Vibrations of a circular drum

References

1. ^ "Whipple Collections: Ernst Chladni". University of Cambridge. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/whipple/explore/acoustics/ernstchladni/. Retrieved 2010-02-27. 
2. ^ McCoy, T. J.; Steele, I. M.; Keil, K.; Leonard, B. F.; Endress, M.. "Chladniite: A New Mineral Honoring the Father of Meteoritics". Meteoritics 28 (3): 394. Bibcode 1993Metic..28Q.394M. 
3. ^ Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni, or Ernst F. F. Chladni (German physicist), Encyclopædia Britannica : Related Articles
4. ^ Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni, German physicist, 1802 Image Preview, Science and Society Picture Library
5. ^ Good Vibrations, Joyce McLaughlin, American Scientist, July–August 1998, Volume: 86 Number: 4 Page: 342, DOI: 10.1511/1998.4.342
6. ^ ^{a b c} Life and work of E.F.F. Chladni, D. Ullmann1, The European Physical Journal - Special Topics, Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg , ISSN 1951-6355 (Print) 1951-6401 (Online), Issue Volume 145, Number 1, June, 2007, DOI 10.1140/epjst/e2007-00145-4, Pages 25-32
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni, Institute for Learning Technologies, Columbia University
8. ^ ^{a b c d e} Pg 101 Oxford Dictionary of Scientists- Oxford University Press- 1999
9. ^ The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica credits Edmund H. Delaval with inventing the Glassspiel or Verillon.
10. ^ ^{a b} Harmonica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh edition, 1911.
11. ^ Les Sculptures Sonores: The Sound Sculptures of Bernard and Francois Baschet by Francois Baschet, Author(s) of Review: Rahma Khazam, Leonardo, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2000), pp. 336-337
12. ^ Chladni, Ernst (1756-1827), Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography.
13. ^ Williams, Henry Smith (1904). "5". A history of science. 3. Harper. p. 168ff. ISBN 0250401428. http://books.google.com/?id=hNEFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168. 

Further reading

• Jackson, Myles W. (2006) Harmonious Triads: Physicists, Musicians, and Instrument Makers in Nineteenth-Century Germany (MIT Press).

• Marvin, Ursula B. (1996). "Ernst florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827) and the origins of modern meteorite research". Meteoritics 31: 545–588. Bibcode 1996M&PS...31..545M. 

• Rossing T. D. (1982) Chladni's Law for Vibrating Plates, American Journal of Physics 50, 271–274

External links

• Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
• Die Akustik, 1802 by Ernst Chladni at Universities of Strasbourg
• Video of Chladni patterns through frequency range (Accessed 5/31/08)
• Examples with round, square, stadium plates and violin shapes
• Chladni plates
• Electromagnetically driven Chladni plate
• Use of Chladni patterns in the construction of violins
• Chladni patterns for guitar plates
• Other pictures of Chladni can be viewed at this site and at the Science and Society Picture Library.

Persondata
Name	Chladni, Ernst
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	November 30, 1756
Place of birth	Wittenberg
Date of death	April 3, 1827
Place of death	Breslau