Roller

Roller
Rollers
Lilac-breasted Roller
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Coraciidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Genera

The rollers are an Old World family, Coraciidae, of near passerine birds. The group gets its name from the aerial acrobatics some of these birds perform during courtship or territorial flights. Rollers resemble crows in size and build, and share the colourful appearance of kingfishers and bee-eaters, blues and pinkish or cinnamon browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but not the outer one.

They are mainly insect eaters, with Eurystomus species taking their prey on the wing, and those of the genus Coracias diving from a perch to catch food items from on the ground, like giant shrikes.

Although living rollers are birds of warm climates in the Old World, fossil records show that rollers were present in North America during the Eocene.[1] They are monogamous and nest in an unlined hole in a tree or in masonry, and lay 2–4 eggs in the tropics, 3–6 at higher latitudes. The eggs, which are white, hatch after 17–20 days, and the young remain in the nest for approximately another 30 days.

Contents

Taxonomy

The roller family Coraciidae is one of nine in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the motmots, bee-eaters, todies, ground-rollers, Cuckoo Roller and three families of kingfishers.[2] Apart from the ground-rollers, these families do not appear to be particularly closely related to the rollers, and the Coraciiformes are therefore probably polyphyletic.[3][4] The division of the rollers into two genera is uncontroversial.[2]

The eleven species are:[2]

Dollarbird
European Roller

The Coraciiformes family gets its scientific name for Latin coracium, "like a raven", and the English name "roller" from the aerial acrobatics some of these birds perform during courtship or territorial flights.[5]

Morphology and appearance

Rollers resemble crows in size and build, ranging from 25 to 27 centimetres (10–11 in) in length. They share the colourful appearance of kingfishers and bee-eaters, blues and pinkish or cinnamon browns predominating.[6] The rollers are similar in general morphology to their relatives in the order Coraciiformes, having large heads on short necks, bright plumage, weak feet and short legs. The two inner front toes are connected, but not the outer one.[6] The weakness of the feet and legs is reflected in their behaviour, rollers do not hop or move along perches and seldom use their feet other than for occasional lurching leaps along the ground pursuing escaping prey. The bill is robust, and is shorter yet broader in the genus Eurystomus, sometimes known as the broad-billed rollers. The broad-billed rollers have brightly coloured bills, whereas those of the Coracias (or true) rollers are black. Other differences between the two genera are in wing length; the more aerial Eurystomus rollers have longer wings (and shorter feet still) than the Coracias rollers, this reflects differences in their foraging ecology.[7] Their calls are "repeated short, gruff caws".[6]

Distribution and habitat

The rollers are found in warmer parts of the Old World. Africa has most species, and is believed to be where the family originated. This is supported by the fact that the related ground-rollers are found on Madagascar.[2] The European Roller is completely migratory, breeding in Europe and wintering in Africa, and the Dollarbird also leaves much of its breeding range in winter. Other species are sedentary or short-range migrants.[8]

These are birds of open habitats with trees or other elevated perches from which to hunt.[2]

Behaviour

Breeding

Rollers are noisy and aggressive when defending their nesting territories, which they patrol while displaying their striking plumage. Intruders are attacked with intimidating rolling dives.[2] They are monogamous and nest in an unlined hole in a tree or in masonry, and lay 2–4 eggs in the tropics, 3–6 at higher latitudes. The eggs, which are white, hatch after 17–20 days, and the young remain in the nest for approximately another 30 days.[5][6] Egg laying is staggered at one-day intervals so that if food is short only the older larger nestlings get fed. The chicks are naked, blind and helpless when they hatch.[2]

Feeding

Coracias rollers are watch-and wait hunters. they sit in a tree or on a post before descending on their prey and carrying it back to a perch in the beak before dismembering it. They take a wide range of terrestrial invertebrates, and small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards rodents and young birds. They will take items avoided by many other birds, such as hairy caterpillars, insects with warning colouration and snakes.[2]

Eurystomus rollers hunt on the wings, swooping on flying beetles, crickets and other insects which are crushed by their broad deep beaks and eaten on the wing. The Azure Roller and Dollarbird will hunt huge swarms of termites and flying ants which appear after thunderstorms. Tens or hundreds of these rollers may be attracted to large swarms.[2]

References

  1. ^ Clarke, Julia A.; D. T. Ksepka, N. A. Smith, and M. A. Norell. (2009). "Combined phylogenetic analysis of a new North American fossil species confirms widespread Eocene distribution for stem rollers (Aves, Coracii).". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 586–611. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fry (1992) 6–27
  3. ^ Sibley, Charles G (1960). "The electrophoretic patterns of avian egg-white proteins as taxonomic characters". Ibis 102 (2): 215–284. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07114.x. 
  4. ^ Hackett, S. et al. (2008) "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history " Science 320 (5884) 1763–1768
  5. ^ a b Forshaw, J. & Kemp, A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph. ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 145–147. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 
  6. ^ a b c d Fry, C. Hilary (2003). "Rollers". In Perrins, Christopher. The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 380–381. ISBN 1-55297-777-3. 
  7. ^ Fry, C. (2001). "Family Coraciidae (Rollers)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 6, Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 342–369. ISBN 978-84-87334-30-6. 
  8. ^ Fry (1992) 98–102

Cited text

  • Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-8028-8. 

External links


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Roller — Roller …   Deutsch Wörterbuch

  • Roller — Roll er, n. 1. One who, or that which, rolls; especially, a cylinder, sometimes grooved, of wood, stone, metal, etc., used in husbandry and the arts. [1913 Webster] 2. A bandage; a fillet; properly, a long and broad bandage used in surgery. [1913 …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • roller — [ rɔlɶr ] n. m. • 1983; rollerskater « patineur » 1979; de l angl. rollerskate « patin à roulettes » ♦ Anglic. Patin à roulettes auquel est fixée une chaussure haute et rigide. Une paire de rollers. Faire du roller : patiner avec des rollers. ♢… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • roller — [rōl′ər] n. 1. a person or thing that rolls (in various senses) 2. any of various rolling cylinders or wheels; specif., a) a cylinder of metal, wood, etc. over which something is rolled for easier movement b) a cylinder on which something is… …   English World dictionary

  • Röller — ist Familienname folgender Personen: Lars Hendrik Röller(* 1958 ), deutscher Ökonom Ulf Jensen Röller (* 1966), deutscher Fernsehjournalist Diese Seite ist eine Begriffsklärung zur Unterscheidung mehrerer mit demselben Wort …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Roller [1] — Roller, 1) eine Art thönerne Tabakspfeifen; 2) so v.w. Kater; 3) ein altes untaugliches Pferd; 4) (Jagdw.), so v.w. Posten; 5) geschwinde Notenfiguren, welche in Noten von gleicher Geltung sich abwechselnd auf od. abwärts bewegen, z.B …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Roller [2] — Roller, Vogel: 1) s. Mandelkrähe; 2) (Harzer Roller) s. Kanarienvogel …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Roller [5] — Roller, Heinrich, Erfinder eines Stenographiesystems, geb. 10. März 1839 in Berlin, war zunächst Tischler, erlernte 1859 die Arendssche Stenographie und ist seit 1863 in Berlin als praktischer Stenograph, Sekretär und Schriftsteller tätig. Seine… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • roller — (n.) early 15c., rolling pin, agent noun from ROLL (Cf. roll) (v.). Meaning hair curler is attested from 1795. Religious holy roller is attested from 1842, Amer.Eng …   Etymology dictionary

  • roller — I {{/stl 13}}{{stl 8}}rz. mnż I, D. a, Mc. rollererze, zwykle w lm {{/stl 8}}{{stl 7}} rodzaj jednośladowej wrotki, w której kółka są umieszczone w jednym szeregu; łyżworolka {{/stl 7}}{{stl 20}} {{/stl 20}} {{stl 20}} {{/stl 20}}roller II {{/stl …   Langenscheidt Polski wyjaśnień

  • Roller [2] — Roller (Ilysia, Tortrix Opp.), Gattung aus der Schlangenfamilie Schlinger; der walzige Kopf ist von gleicher Stärke wie der Leib, dieser nach hinten etwas dicker, Schuppenreihe unten am Bauche u. Schwanze etwas größer, der stumpfe Schwanz sehr… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

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