- Pictorialism
Pictorialism was a photographic movement in vogue from around 1885 following the widespread introduction of the dry-plate process. It reached its height in the early years of the 20th century, and declined rapidly after 1914 after the widespread emergence of
Modernism .Pictorialism largely subscribed to the idea that art photography needed to emulate the
painting andetching of the time. Most of these pictures made were black & white or sepia-toned. Among the methods used weresoft focus , special filters and lens coatings, heavy manipulation in thedarkroom , and exotic printing processes. From 1898 rough-surface printing papers were added to the repertoire, to further break up a picture's sharpness. Some artists "etched" the surface of their prints using fine needles. The aim of such techniques was to achieve what the 1911 "Encyclopedia Britannica" termed, in discussing Pictorialism, "personal artistic expression".Despite the aim of artistic expression, the best of such photographs paralleled the impressionist style then current in painting. Looking back from the present day, we can also see close parallel between the composition and picturesque subject of genre paintings and the bulk of pictorialist photography.
The 1911 "Encyclopedia Britannica" noted that: "as a distinct movement pictorial photography is essentially of British origin", although in its later phases there was a strong influence on American photography. The
Brotherhood of the Linked Ring and The New American School were notable organised U.S. tendencies in Pictorialism around 1900. An American circle of photographers later renounced pictorialism altogether and went on to foundGroup f/64 , which espoused the ideal of unmanipulated, orstraight photography .The contemporary American portraitist
Sally Mann revisited the pictorialist style in her 2003 book "What Remains".One of the most important publications that promoted Pictorialism was
Alfred Stieglitz 's "Camera Work " 1903 - 1917. Each publication had up to 12 plates thatwere reproduced in Photogravure,Halftone or Collotype. These plates are now collected and very sought after in the art world. Most of the photographers thatmade up the issues were members of thePhoto-Secession , a group that promoted photography as art and soon moved away from the ideals of pictorialism.By the year of 1910, when Albright Gallery bought 15 photographs from Stieglitz'
291 Gallery , a major victory was won in the battle for establishing photography as art. Pictorialism, which had served to open the museum doors for photography, was now already regarded as a vision of the past by the spearheading photographers of that time. Stieglitz, always craving for the new, was quoted alround 1910 saying "It is high time that the stupidity and sham in pictorial photography be struck a solarplexus blow." and "Claims of art won't do. Let the photographer make a perfect photograph. And if he happens to be a lover of perfection and a seer, the resulting photograph will be straight and beautiful - a true photograph." [Adato, Perry Miller (director) American Masters - Alfred Stieglitz: The Eloquent Eye (2001)]The new and proceedingly modern America needed a new representation in art. This necessarily meant the end for pictorialism as major form of art.
Further reading
*cite encyclopedia
title = photography, history of
encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Britannica Online
url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-252864
accessdate = 2006-07-18
* Daum, Patrick (Ed.) "Impressionist Camera: Pictorial Photography in Europe, 1888-1918" (2006). ISBN 1-85894-331-0
* Taschen "Alfred Stieglitz Camera Work, The complete illustrations 1903 - 1917" (1997). ISBN 3-8228-8072-8
* Green, Jonathan "Camera Work: A Critical Anthology" (1973). ISBN 0-912334-73-8External links
* [http://www.iphotocentral.com/showcase/showcase_view.php/93/1/0 In Praise of Pictorialism: Early Pictorial Photography] A discussion on pictorial photography and 28 examples of this style.
* [http://www.blurrylens.com/Landscapes/index.html California Pictorialist Photography] Example of Pictorialism in contemporary photography (Flash plugin required)References
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