Martin van Marum

Martin van Marum by Charles Howard Hodges.

Martin van Marum in 1826. This portrait was commissioned by the Teylers Museum, but van Marum hated it. He had another portrait painted by Hodges that he preferred.

Martin(us) van Marum (March 20, 1750, Delft – December 26, 1837, Haarlem) was a Dutch scientist and teacher, who studied medicine and philosophy in Groningen. He became famous for his demonstrations of the Leiden jar with his electricity machine while curator for the Teylers Museum.

Biography

Famous Oval room in the Teylers Museum painted by Wybrand Hendriks, showing Martin van Marum's "Electriseermachine".

Martinus van Marum's electrostatic generator at Teylers Museum

He moved to Haarlem in 1776 because the Haarlemmers had more taste in the sciences than anywhere else in the Netherlands.^[1] After his arrival in Haarlem he began to practise medicine, but devoted himself mainly to lecturing on physical subjects and creating instruments to demonstrate physical theory. He must have made a big impression on Haarlem society, because he became member of the Dutch Society of Science in the same year, but was named director and curator of their cabinet of curiosities in the next year.^[2] He received at first no salary, but by scaring off the former cabinet concierge Nicolaus Linder, he was able to collect Linder's' salary of 100 guilders, and when the cabinet moved later in 1777 to new quarters in the Grote Houtstraat 51, van Marum lived there as concierge.^[2] He managed to scare off Linder by obtaining permission from the society to allow his servants to keep tips they received from cabinet visitors; a source of income that Linder had come to rely on. Then van Marum increased this salary to 300 from 100 by adding responsibilities to his list of duties, such as a summer garden in the Rozenprieel and eliminating other expenses.^[2]

Curator of two museums

In 1779 he was entrusted with the care of the Second society left to Haarlem by Pieter Teyler van der Hulst (1702-1778), which led under his direction to the foundation of the Teylers Museum. The Teyler legacy was split into three societies, one for religion, one for science, and one for the arts, known as the first, second, and third societies. The caretakers had to meet in Teyler's home weekly, and each society had 5 caretakers, so all of the gentlemen involved lived in Haarlem. In 1794 van Marum became secretary as well as director of the Dutch Society of Science. Under his management, both societies were advanced to the position of the most noted in Europe. Period travelogues mention both Museums.^[3]

Merging societies, separate collections

Under his guidance the two societies slowly merged. His name is associated with the Electriseermachine, the largest electricity demonstration machine with Leiden jars built in the 18th century and at the time a crowd pleaser for the young Teylers museum. The demonstration model is still on display, as is a smaller version in the Museum Boerhaave of Leiden. Van Marum's researches (especially in connection with electricity) were remarkable for their number and variety. The Teyler's Museum kept its role as a museum of scientific research (some of the periodical subscriptions he started are still running) and is a repository of important scientific demonstration models from the period. Not only items regarding electricity, but also weather stations, industrial models, steam engines, and other examples of the budding industrial revolution were collected and lovingly displayed. The collection of the Teyler's was mostly based on scientific theory, while the collection of the Dutch Society of Science was mostly based on scientific practise. The rooms in the Grote Houtstraat were filled with stuffed animals and other "naturalia", while the summer garden was a modern continuation of Linder's old Linnaeus hortus once located behind the original city hall quarters in the Prinsenhof. Since Linder had not known any Latin, it was easier for Van Marum to entertain foreign visitors with stories of Linnaean trivia and of course, the Haarlem story of tulip mania.

Teylers

In 1784, when the Teylers Museum opened its new 'Oval Room', Vincent Jansz van der Vinne was hired as curator of the art collection and lived in the "Fundatiehuis" (abbreviation for the former residence of the foundation's founder Pieter Teyler) as concierge.^[4] He left the next year because of continuous disagreements with van Marum over art and the opening hours of the museum.^[4] Van der Vinne was an artist born into an important Haarlem artist family - he was the grandson of Vincent van der Vinne. The Teyler's museum replaced him with another local artist, Wybrand Hendricks, who painted the famous oval room and many other Haarlem scenes. Hendricks is largely responsible for the Teyler's collection of Old Master prints, most notably the purchase in Rome 1790 of a print & drawing collection formerly owned by Christina of Sweden.^[4] Apparently he got along under van Marum, but when he left in 1819 at the age of 75, the Teyler's decided to discontinue the purchase of art "for the decline in art enthusiasts in this city".^[4]

During the tenure of Hendriks, van Marum himself was busy giving public demonstrations of electricity in the Oval room, but was also collecting in this period (this is why he was so involved with the lifestyle of the concierge of the Fundatiehuis, since he was there every day).^[4] He concentrated on scientific publications for the Teyler library. He concentrated his efforts on three aspects: 1) Greek and Latin authors, among them the church fathers, 2) Works of natural history including travelogues, and 3) natural history periodicals, including all publications of the Royal Society of London and all publications of the Dutch Society of Science, which Teyler had been a member of, but could not be on the board of, due to religious differences with the board. The criteria for purchase was always expense. If a Society member could afford to purchase it himself it was not worth adding to the collection. Any member could suggest purchases, however, which explains why the collection is filled with richly illustrated examples of contemporary publications. The most impressive of these are the large illustrated books of travellers. To view the collection, van Marum organized gentleman evenings in Pieter Teyler's library, a tradition that still exists.

Legacy

Though the public is allowed access during the day to the museum rooms, the private rooms of Pieter Teyler in the "Fundatiehuis" are only open one day a year, on Monument Day. Because of its rich scientific tradition, many noted scholars of Physics moved to Haarlem to work at Teyler's, including Nobel prize winners Pieter Zeeman and Hendrik Lorentz.

Of van Marum's three categories, only the first was discontinued at the close of the 19th century. The collection of periodicals which has been expanded through exchange networks, contains uninterrupted series that are among the oldest in the world.

The Teyler's museum created a new wing in 1996 to house a rotational display of van Marum's library collection, such as the works of John James Audubon in combination with contemporary stuffed birds of Naturalis.

References

1. ^ Deugd boven geweld - Een geschiedenis van Haarlem 1245-1995. Historisch Werkgroep Haarlem en Gemeentearchief, 1995. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} J.A. Bierens de Haan, De geschiedenis van een verdwenen Haarlemsch museum van natuurlijke historie. Het Kabinet van Naturalien van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen 1759-1866. Haarlem, F. Bohn, 1941.
3. ^ p 188 van Marum's museum in "Journal of a horticultural tour through some parts of Flanders, Holland, and the North of France, in the autumn of 1817" by Patrick Neill, on the Google Books Library Project
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} Van kastelein tot directeur. Teylers museum in de 20ste eeuw. Stichting Vrienden van Teylers Museum (1975-2000), ISBN 9071835138

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links

• Noord-Hollandsarchief Archives of North Holland
• Teylers Museum (in Dutch)
• Dutch Society of Science (in Dutch)

Persondata
Name	Marum, Martin Van
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	March 20, 1750
Place of birth
Date of death	December 26, 1837
Place of death	Haarlem