Science (journal)

Infobox Journal
title = Science
abbreviation = None


discipline = Interdisciplinary
language = English
link1 = http://www.sciencemag.org/
link1-name = Content URL
link2 = http://www.sciencemag.org/about/authors/index.dtl
link2-name = Informational URL
publisher = AAAS
country = USA
history = 1880 to present (3 series of volumes)
ISSN = 0036-8075
JSTOR = 00368075

"Science" is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious scientific journals. [ [http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/0705spain_award.shtml AAAS - AAAS News Release ] ] [ [http://www.aaas.org/publications/annual_report/2000/science.html AAAS Annual Report-Science ] ] The peer-reviewed journal, first published in 1880 is circulated weekly and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is one million people. [AAAS, " [http://www.aaas.org/aboutaaas/ What is AAAS?] "]

The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but "Science" also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Although most scientific journals focus on a specific field, "Science" and its rival "Nature" cover the full range of scientific disciplines. "Science" places special emphasis on biology and the life sciences because of the expansion of biotechnology and genetics over the past few decadesFact|date=December 2007. "Science"'s impact factor for 2006 was 30.028 (as measured by Thomson ISI).

Although it is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in "Science". Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in "Science" is very intense, as an article published in such a highly-cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 10% of articles submitted to the editors are accepted for publication and all research articles are subject to peer review before they appear in the magazine.

In 2007 Science (together with Nature) received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity [ [http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria820.html Journal Science] ]

"Science" is based in Washington, D.C., USA, with a second office in Cambridge, England.

History

"Science" was founded by New York journalist John Michaels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell. However, the magazine never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March 1882. Entomologist Samuel H. Scudder resurrected the journal one year later and had some success while covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS. [AAAS, " [http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/origins4.php 150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS Origins: 1848-1899] ", 2004] However, by 1894, "Science" was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist James McKeen Cattell for $500.

In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary Leland O. Howard, "Science" became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900. [AAAS, " [http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/science2.php 150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS AAAS and Science: 1900–1940] ", 2004] During the early part of the 20th century important articles published in "Science" included papers on fruit fly genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan, gravitational lensing by Albert Einstein, and spiral nebulae by Edwin Hubble. [cite web | url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/science5.php | title=AAAS and Science: 1900-1940 | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | accessdate=2006-08-27] After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred to the AAAS. [cite web | url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/ | title=AAAS - History and Archives | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | accessdate=2006-08-27]

After Cattell's death, the magazine lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham DuShane became editor in 1956. Physicist and Nobel laureate, Philip Abelson, the co-discoverer of neptunium, served as editor from 1962 to 1984. Under Abelson the efficiency of the peer review process was improved and the publication practices were brought up to date. [cite web | url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/maturing3.php | title= AAAS and the Maturing of American Science: 1941-1970 | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | accessdate=2006-08-27] During this time, papers on the Project Apollo missions and some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published.cite web | url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/change3.php | title= Change and Continuity: 1971 to the Present | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | accessdate=2006-08-27]

Biochemist Daniel Koshland served as editor from 1985 until 1995. From 1995 until 2000, neuroscientist Floyd Bloom held that position.

Biologist Donald Kennedy became the editor of "Science" in 2000. Biochemist Bruce Alberts took his place in March 2008. [cite web | url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/1217alberts.shtml | title= Bruce Alberts Named New Editor-in-Chief of Science | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | accessdate=2007-12-18]

In February 2001, draft results of the human genome were simultaneously published by "Nature" and "Science" with Science publishing the Celera Genomics paper and "Nature" publishing the publicly funded Human Genome Project.

Controversies

In 2002, "Science" withdrew eight papers authored by Jan Hendrik Schön after it was shown that Schön had fabricated much of his data.

An article published in "Science" in 2002 on the neurotoxicity of the drug MDMA ("ecstasy") caused some controversy when a mix-up of vials caused the paper to be retracted in 2003 (see Neurotoxicity of MDMA controversy).

"Science" encountered another controversy in 2006 when papers by Hwang Woo-Suk on cloning human embryos from stem cell research were withdrawn by Seoul National University due to apparent scientific fraud. A committee set up by "Science" to study the matter found that the journal's procedures had been followed, and the journal could do little in the face of deliberate fraud. The committee recommended that papers received should henceforth be classified as non-controversial or controversial; controversial papers should be looked at more thoroughly. "Science" also suggested that "Nature" may want to take up the same standards it was adopting.cite news | title = Handle with care | date = 2006-11-30 | url = http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=526354&story_id=8348799 | publisher = "The Economist" | accessdate = 2007-08-05 ]

Kennedy defended the peer review system, pointing out that catching fraud would require "costly and offensive oversight on the vast majority of scientists in order to catch the occasional cheater". [cite journal | last=Kennedy | first=Donald | title=Good News-and Bad | journal=Science | date=13 January 2006 | volume=311 | issue=5758 | pages=145 | doi = 10.1126/science.1124498 | pmid=16410489]

Availability

Online versions of full-text archive articles are not generally made available to the public. Full text is available online to AAAS members from the main journal website. Individual and institutional subscriptions are also available for a fee (though it is significantly less expensive to simply join the AAAS and receive the magazine for free). The [http://www.sciencemag.org/ "Science" website] also gives free access to some articles (principally original research articles and editorials) as well as the complete table of contents of the current and past issues, a year after their publication. Access to all articles on the Science website is free if the request comes from an IP address of a subscribing institution. Articles older than 5 to 6 years are available via JSTOR and recent articles older than 12 months are available via ProQuest. In addition, AAAS membership includes full access to the "Science" archives at the [http://www.sciencemag.org/ "Science" website] , where it is called [http://www.sciencemag.org/classic/ "Science" Classic] . Institutions can opt to add "Science" Classic to their subscriptions for an additional fee.

The [http://www.sciencemag.org/ "Science" website] also gives access to the Science of Aging Knowledge Environment (SAGE KE). Knowledge Environments are an attempt to utilize internet-based technologies to enhance access to scientific information and improve the effectiveness of information transfer. The former Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) is now known as "Science Signaling" [ [http://stke.sciencemag.org/about/ AAAS | Science Signaling | About Science Signaling ] ] .

ee also

*American Association for the Advancement of Science
*Breakthrough of the Year
*"Nature", another notable scientific publication and long-term competitor
*Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy
*SAGE KE

References

External links

* [http://www.sciencemag.org/ "Science" official website]