Military academy

A military academy or service academy (American English) is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the Army, the Navy, Air Force or Coast Guard or provides education in a service environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned.

Three types of academy exists: High school-level institutions awarding academic qualifications, university-level institutions awarding Bachelor's degree level qualification, and those preparing officer cadets for commissioning into the armed services of the state.

Afghanistan

*National Military Academy of Afghanistan

Argentina

Argentine Army
*Colegio Militar de la Nación (National Military College), located in El Palomar, Buenos Aires
Argentine Navy
*Escuela Naval Militar (Naval Military School), located in Río Santiago, Buenos Aires
Argentine Air Force
*Escuela de Aviación Militar (Military Aviation School), located in the city of Córdoba

Australia

*Australian Defence Force Academy

Bangladesh

*Bangladesh Military Academy

Brazil

Has several military academies, and the biggest is Academia Militar de Agulhas Negras (AMAN) in the municipality of Resende, in state of Rio de Janeiro, in the southeast of that country.

Canada

Canada currently has one military-theme private boarding school open for students at the pre-university level, Robert Land Academy (RLA), which is located in West Lincoln, Ontario. Founded in 1977, it is an all-boys' institute whose funding arises solely from tuition fees. The Academy is an institute fully accredited by the province of Ontario, which accepts students from Grade 6 to Grade 12 (the Ontario Academic Credit level).

Canada formerly had three university level service academies, the Canadian Military Colleges. These included the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario, Royal Roads Military College (RRMC) in Victoria, British Columbia and the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean (CMR) in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec. RMC was founded in 1876, RRMC in 1941 and CMR in 1954. [ H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969. ] By the 60s all three institutions were providing *military education to officer cadets of all three elements in the Canadian Forces; the navy, army and air force; and RMC received the authority to grant academic degrees in Arts, Science and Engineering. [4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.]

Graduates of the Colleges are widely acknowledged to have had a disproportionate impact in the Canadian services and society, thanks to the solid foundations provided by their military education. [H16511 Dr. Richard Preston "R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community" 1968 ] In the modern era, emphasis was placed on a broad based, liberal education including core courses in the humanities, social, pure and applied sciences. Military discipline and training, as well as a focus on physical fitness and fluency in both of Canada's two official languages, English and French, provided cadets with ample challenges and a very fulfilling experience. [ H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876-1918. Volume II: 1919-1984. Royal Military College. [Kingston] . The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984 ] In 1995 the Department of National Defence was forced to close Royal Roads Military College and Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean due to budget considerations, but Royal Military College of Canada continues to carry the proud tradition educating Canada's future leaders into the twenty-first century. [ "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College since the Second World War", Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 1991.] The Royal Roads University reopened as a civilian university. In 2007, the Department of National Defence reopened Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean as a two year college.

China

*Whampoa Military Academy
*PLA National Defense University

Czech Republic

Univerzita obrany http://www.unob.cz/en/

Finland

* [http://www.mpkk.fi/en/ National Defence College]

France

Undergraduate academies :
*École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, literally the "Special Military School of St Cyr") is the French Military Academy. It is often referred to as Saint-Cyr. Founded by Napoleon in 1802, and initially located in Fontainebleau, it was moved first to Saint-Cyr l'École in 1808, and then to Coëtquidan (Brittany) in 1945.
*École de l'Air : the French Air Force Academy
*École Navale : the French Naval Academy
*École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale : the French Gendarmerie Academy
* ENSIETA : the French engineer AcademyPostgraduate academies :
* Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale ("Defense Postgraduate Institute")
* École d'État-major ("Staff School")
* Collège d'enseignement supérieur de l'armée de terre ("Army Higher Education College")
* Collège interarmées de défense ("Defense Joint College")

"The Ecole Polytechnique, though its students are enlisted in the military, is no longer a military academy, as very few of its graduates remain in the military after graduation".

Germany

In Germany there exists a system which clearly differs from the common ones. The only true military academies are in fact the "Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr" where mainly future staff officers are further trained and the Naval Academy Mürwik.The standard education in military leadership is the task of the "Offizierschulen" (officer's schools) run by the three branches. The contents differ from branch to branch. In the army all officer's are at least trained to lead a platoon. There they also have to pass an officer exam to become commissioned later on.Moreover there exist so called "Waffenschulen" like infantry school or artillery school. There the officer's learn to deal with the typical tasks of their respective corps.A specialty of the German concept of officer formation is the academic education. Germany runs two own "Universities of the German Federal Armed Forces" where almost every future officer has to pass non-military studies and achieve a Bachelor's or Master's degree. During their studies (after at least three years of service) the candidates become commissioned "Leutnant" (second-lieutenant).

Greece

The Hellenic Armed Forces have military academies supervised by each branch of the Armed Forces individually:

*The Hellenic Army supervises:
**The Evelpidon Military Academy, located in Athens.
**The Corps Officers Military Academy, located in Thessaloniki.

*The Hellenic Air Force supervises:
** The Icarus Air Force Academy, located in Kalamata.

*The Hellenic Navy supervises:
** The Hellenic Naval Cadets Academy, located in Piraeus.

India

*MILITARY ACADEMIES IN INDIA
*NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY (NDA)
*INDIAN MILITARY ACADEMY (IMA)
*OFFICERS TRAINING ACADEMY (OTA)
*NAVAL ACADEMY (NAVAC)
*AIRFORCE ACADEMY (AFA)
*RIMC Dehradun
*Ajmer Military School
*Bangalore Military School
*Belgaum Military School
*Chail Military School
*Dholpur Military School
*Sainik Schools in all states of the country

Indonesia

Akademi Angkatan Bersenjata Republic Indonesia (Indonesia Military Academy) [http://www.akmil.ac.id/] Founded in Yogyakarta, October 13, 1945 in order of General Staff Chief of Indonesia Army Leut. Gen Urip Sumoharjo with name Militaire Academie (MA) Yogyakarta. Now, Tentara Nasional Indonesia (National Military of Indonesia), placed each academy into:

Indonesian Army

* Akademi Militer - Akmil (Military Academy), located in Magelang, Province of Jawa Tengah

Indonesian Air Force

* Akademi Angkatan Udara - AAU (Air Force Academy), located in Yogyakarta, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Indonesian Navy

* Akademi Angkatan Laut - AAL (Naval Academy), located in Surabaya, Province of Jawa Timur

Italy

University level institutions:
*Accademia Militare, Modena
*Accademia Navale, Livorno
*Accademia Aeronautica, Pozzuoli
*Scuola Ufficiali Carabinieri, Rome
*Accademia della Guardia di Finanza, Bergamo

Japan

*National Defense Academy of Japan (University level)
*National Defense Medical College (Medical, university level)
*Officer Candidate Training Schools (for each of Ground, Maritime and Air Self-defense forces)

Korea, South

The three main military academies:
* Korea Military Academy (Army)
* The Naval Academy of Korea
* Korea Air Force Academy

Other military academies:
* Korea Army Academy at Yeongcheon, formerly Korea Third Military Academy
* Armed Forces Nursing Academy

Malaysia

Secondary level institutions:
* [http://www.rmc.edu.my/ Royal Military College] (Maktab Tentera Diraja)

University level institutions:
* [http://www.upnm.edu.my/ National Defence University of Malaysia] (Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia)
* [http://maf.mod.gov.my/eng/training_institute/institute02.html Armed Forces Defence College] (Maktab Pertahanan Angkatan Tentera)

Specialist Training & Staff institutions:
* [http://www.mafsc.edu.my/ Malaysian Armed Forces Staff College] (Maktab Turus Angkatan Tentera)
* [http://maf.mod.gov.my/institut_latihan/INSAN/utama.htm Armed Forces Health Training Institute] (Institut Latihan Kesihatan Angkatan Tentera)
* [http://maf.mod.gov.my/HOMEPAGE/atm/NewUNTRG/mptc.htm Malaysian Peacekeeping Training Centre] (Pusat Latihan Pengaman Malaysia)

Reserve Officer Training Units (Malay: "Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan" or "PALAPES") or ROTU exists only in public universities in Malaysia. This is a tertiary institution based officer commissioning program to equip students as officer cadets with military knowledge and understanding for service as Commissioned Officers in the reserve components of the various branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces.

Netherlands

*Koninklijke Militaire Academie
*Royal Netherlands Naval College

New Zealand

Tier One - Initial Officer Training
* New Zealand Commissioning Course, Waiouru (NZ Army)
* Initial Officer Training, Woodbourne, (RNZAF)
* Officer Training School, Devonport Naval Base

Tier Two - Junior Officer Education
* NZDF Junior Staff Course, New Zealand Defence College

Tier Three - Senior Officer Education
* NZDF Staff Course, New Zealand Defence College

Norway

Undergraduate officer training
* Norwegian Military Academy, Linderud/Oslo (Norwegian Army)
* Norwegian Naval Academy, Laksevåg/Bergen (Royal Norwegian Navy)
* Norwegian Air Force Academy, Trondheim (Royal Norwegian Air Force)

Postgraduate training
* Norwegian Defence Staff College, Oslo (Joint)
* Norwegian National Defence College, Oslo (Civil Service/Very senior officers)

Pakistan

The Pakistan Military Academy is the sole supplier of officers to the Pakistan Army while the Pakistan Air Force Academy supplies officers and fighter pilots to the Pakistan Air Force. The officers for the Pakistan Navy are supplied by the Pakistan Naval Academy.

Philippines

The Philippine Military Academy (PMA) is the training school for future officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It was established as an Officer's School of the Philippine Constabulary on February 17, 1905 at Intramuros, Manila, but was relocated on September 1, 1908 in Baguio City.

Romania

In Romania there are military academies for every military branch:
* Land Forces:
**Academia Fortelor Terestre (Land Forces Academy), located in Sibiu. http://www.armyacademy.ro
* Air Forces:
**Academia Fortelor Aeriene (Air Forces Academy), located in Braṣov.
* Naval Forces:
**Academia Fortelor Navale (Naval Forces Academy), located in Constanṭa.

There is also a technical military academy:
*Academia Tehnica Militara (Technical Military Academy), located in Bucharest. http://www.mta.ro

erbia

Military Academy Belgrade

ingapore

*Officer Cadet School
*Singapore Command and Staff College

pain

*Academia General Militar, Zaragoza
*Academia General del Aire, San Javier
*Escuela Naval Militar de Oficiales, Marín

ri Lanka

Sri Lanka has one defense university taking cadets from all three armed services , 3 non-university level Military Academies, one for each armed service providing basic training for officer and a Command and Staff College for senior officers of the three armed services. The General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, was established in 1980 and is named after Gen. Sri John Kotelawala the 2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.

University

*General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Colombo

Officer training

*Sri Lanka Military Academy, Diyatalawa
*Naval and Maritime Academy, Trincomalee
*Air Force Academy, SLAF China Bay , Trincomalee

Postgraduate and staff training

*Defence Services Command and Staff College

oviet Union

weden

Military Academy Karlberg

Taiwan

*R.O.C. Military Academy
*R.O.C. Naval Academy
*R.O.C. Air Force Academy
*National Defense University
*National Defense Medical Center

Turkey

* Kara Harp Okulu (Turkish Military Academy)
* Turkish Air Force Academy
* Turkish Naval Academy

United Kingdom

Seconday Schools:

*The Royal Hospital School - Independent School affiliated with Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, is a Royal Navy themed Boarding School, admits pupils from age 11 to 18 (years 7 to 13), founded by William and Mary, linked to Greenwich Hospital, located at Holbrook, near Ipswich, Suffolk, England.

*Duke of York's Royal Military School
*Queen Victoria School
*Gordon's School
*Pangbourne College

Pre-University level institutions:

*Welbeck College - Sixth form college for 16 to 18 year olds providing A-Level education in preparation for entry into the British Armed Forces or Ministry of Defence Civil Service as Technical Officers, following undergraduate education.

Officer training

*Britannia Royal Naval College, HMS Dartmouth
*Commando Training Centre Royal Marines
*Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
*Royal Air Force College Cranwell

Postgraduate and staff training

*Defence Academy of the United Kingdom:*Royal College of Defence Studies:*Joint Services Command and Staff College:*Defence College of Management and Technology:*Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre:*Advance Research and Assessment Group:*Conflict Studies Reaearch Centre

Defunct:
*Royal Naval College, Greenwich
*Royal Naval Engineering College Manadon, HMS Thunderer, Plymouth, Devon
*Staff College, Camberley
*RAF Staff College, Bracknell
*Royal Military Academy, Woolwich

Paralleling the way the cadet forces work at a pre-university level, at the university level there are the University Royal Naval Units,OTC's and University Air Squadrons.

United States

The United States is almost unique in that the term "military academy" does not necessarily mean an institution run by the armed forces to train its own military officers; it may also mean a middle school, high school or tertiary-level college, whether public or private, which instructs its students in military-style education, discipline and tradition.

Many public high schools offer Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs sponsored by the United States Armed Forces.

*The term military school primarily refers to pre-collegiate (middle and high school) institutions. Military schools were once far more common than they are today; see the extensive list of defunct military academies.
*The term military academy commonly refers to all pre-collegiate, collegiate, and post-collegiate institutions, yet graduate institutions, catering for officers already in service, are often considered separately and termed staff colleges and Graduate Schools.

Military academies can be either private or have government sponsorship from regional (state) or national government.

The colleges operated by the U.S. Federal Government are referred to as the Federal Service Academies and are:

*United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
*United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
*United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
*United States Coast Guard Academy, New London, Connecticut
*United States Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York
*Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

State-sponsored Military Academy:

*The Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia

In addition, several institutions which were at the time of their founding military colleges, maintain both a corps of cadets and a civilian student body. These include:

*Norwich University Corps of Cadets. Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont
*Texas A&M Corps of Cadets, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
*The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
*Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
*North Georgia College and State University, Dahlonega, Georgia (chartered as a military college, but has had a corps and a civilian student body from its inception)

Along with Virginia Military Institute, these institutions are known as the Senior Military Colleges.

Five institutions are considered Military Junior Colleges. These five schools participate in the Army's two-year Early Commissioning Program, an Army ROTC program where qualified students can earn a commission as a Second Lieutenant after only two years of college. The five Military Junior Colleges are:

*Wentworth Military Academy and College, Lexington, Missouri
*Valley Forge Military Academy and College, Wayne, Pennsylvania
*New Mexico Military Institute, Roswell, New Mexico
*Marion Military Institute, Marion, Alabama
*Georgia Military College, Milledgeville, Georgia Note: The terms college and university are interchangeable in the below discussion. They are both used to denote an institution of higher learning which a person might attend after attending high school, typically at age 17, 18, or 19.

Venezuela

Military academies are managed by each branch of the Armed Forces and offer five-year University courses. Enrolled students are Officer Candidates and receive a commission as "Sub Teniente" or "Alférez" on graduation.

The terms "Escuela Militar" or "Academia Militar" are always used to refer to these higher-education institutions:
* [http://www.academiamilitar.edu.ve/ Academia Militar de Venezuela] (Army)
* [http://www.env.edu.ve/ Escuela Naval de Venezuela] (Navy)
* [http://escuvion.aviacion.mil.ve/ Escuela de Aviación Militar] (Air Force)
* [http://www.guardia.mil.ve/ Efofac] (National Guard)

Military-style high schools in Venezuela are known as "Liceos Militares" or "Liceos Militarizados". These are managed by the Armed Forces or by private groups, with support and personnel from the Armed Forces.

Pre-collegiate institutions

A military school teaches various ages (middle school, high school, or both) in a manner that includes military traditions and training in military subjects. The vast majority are in the United States. Many military schools are also boarding schools, and others are simply magnet schools in a larger school system. Many are privately run institutions, though some are public and are run by either a public school system (such as the Chicago Public Schools), or by a state.

A common misperception results because some states have chosen to house their child criminal populations in higher-security boarding schools that are run in a manner similar to military boarding schools. These are also called reform schools, and are functionally a combination of school and prison. They attempt to emulate the high standards of established military boarding schools in the hope that a strict structured environment can reform these children. This may or may not be true. However, this should not reflect on the long and distinguished history of military schools; their associations are traditionally those of high academic achievement, with solid college preparatory curricula, schooling in the military arts, and considerably esteemed graduates.

Popular culture sometimes shows parents sending or threatening to send unruly children off to military school (or boarding school) to teach them good behavior.

Adult institutions

A college level military academy is an institute of higher learning of things military. It is part of a larger system of military education and training institutions. The primary educational goal at military academies is to provide a high quality education that includes significant coursework and training in the fields of military tactics and military strategy. The amount of non-military coursework varies by both the institution and the country, and the amount of practical military experience gained varies as well.

Military academies may or may not grant university degrees. In the U.S., graduates have a major field of study, earning a Bachelor's degree in that subject just as at other universities. However, in British academies, the graduate does not achieve a university degree, since the whole of the one-year course is dedicated to military training.

There are two types of military academies: national (government-run) and state/private-run.
*Graduates from national academies are typically commissioned as officers in the country's military. The new officers usually have an obligation to serve for a certain number of years. In some countries (e.g. Britain) all military officers train at the appropriate academy, whereas in others (e.g. the United States) only a percentage do and the service academies are seen as institutions which supply service-specific officers within the forces (about 15 percent of US military officers).
*State or private-run academy graduates have no requirement to join the military after graduation, although some schools have a high rate of graduate military service. Today, most of these schools have ventured away from their military roots and now enroll both military and civilian students. The only exception in the United States is the Virginia Military Institute which remains all-military.

ee also

*Staff college
*List of United States military schools and academies
**List of defunct United States military academies
**US military staff colleges
*List of government-run higher-level national military academies
*List of fictional military schools and academies

References