Nisga’a people

For the Nisga’a language, see Nisga’a language.

Nisga’a Nation
Capital		Gitlakdamix (New Aiyansh) (de facto)
Ethnic groups		Nisga’a
Government		Wilp Si’ayuukhl Nisga’a Nisga’a Lisims Government
-	President	Sim’oogit K’aw’een - Mitch Stevens
-	Secretary-Treasurer	Sim’oogit K’amluugidis - Edmond Wright
-	Chairperson	Kevin McKay
-	Chairperson, Council of Elders	Sim’oogit Ksimxsaan - Oscar Mercer
-	Chief Councillors	Sim’oogit Gwisk’aayin - Nelson Clayton (Gingolx), Sim’oogit Ni’isyuus - Willard Martin (Laxgalts’ap), Peter Lambright (Gitwinksihlkw), Sim’oogit Ksdiyaawak - George Williams Sr (New Aiyansh)
-	Land-claim settlement	May 11, 2000
Area
-	Total	2,000 km2  775 sq mi
Population
-	estimate	6000

Mask with open eyes, worn during winter halait ceremonies, 18th–early 19th century

The Nisga’a (pronounced [nisqa]), often formerly spelled Nishga and spelled in the Nisga’a language as Nisga’a, are an Indigenous nation or First Nation in Canada. They live in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. Their name comes from a combination of two Nisga’a words: Nisk’-"top lip" and Tl’ak’-"bottom lip". This term was used because K’alii-aksim Lisims (Nass River Valley) is so bountiful that many living creatures come to it to feed. The Nisga’a saw that every living creature used its Nisk’ and Tl’ak’ to eat, therefore... Nisga’a!^{[citation needed]}

Nisga’a Culture

Society

Nisga’a society is organized into four Tribes:

Ganada (Raven)

Gisk’aast (Killer Whale)

Laxgibuu (Wolf)

Laxsgiik (Eagle)

Each Tribe is further sub-divided into House Groups - extended families with same origins. Some houses are grouped together into Clans - grouping of Houses with same ancestors.
Example:

Laxgibuu Tribe (Wolf Tribe)

Gitwilnaak’il Clan (People Separated But Of One)

House of Duuk

House of K’eexkw

House of Gwingyoo

Food

The Nisga’a harvested "beach food" all year round. This would include razor clams, mussels, oysters, limpits, scallops, abalone, fish, seaweed and other seafood that could be harvested from the shore. Eating too much beach food was believed to make you sick. However salmon, cod, char, pike, trout and other fresh water fish were harvested in the streams. Men went out in ocean going canoes to hunt seals, whales, fish and sea otters. The blubber was often traded with other tribes as well as fish oil. Mountain goat, marmot, game birds and more were hunted in the forests. The meat was roasted or boiled. Fish and sea mammals flesh was eaten frozen, boiled or roasted. The heads of a type of cod which were half eaten by sharks were boiled into a soup which kept colds at bay. Dried fish, seal oil, fish oil, blubber and cedar were traded with inland tribes.

Houses

Houses of the Nisga’a were rectangular shaped and made of cedar planks. The doors faced the water. The doors were usually decorated with the family crest. Inside, there was a sunken floor which held the hearth and beds and boxes of possessions around the walls. Around 3 to 4 families lived one house. Masks and blankets decorated the walls.

Clothing

Men wore nothing in the summer and it was normally the best time to hunt and fish. However women wore softened cedar bark skirts and went topless. During the colder season, men wore cedar bark skirts (shaped more like a loincloth), a cape of cedar and a basket hat outside in the rain but wore nothing inside the house. Women wore basket hat sand cedar blankets indoors and outdoors. During war, men wore red cedar armor, a cedar helmet and cedar loincloths. They wielded spears, clubs, harpoons, bows and slings. Wicker shields were common. Shell and bone necklaces and bracelets were worn by both sexes. Seal blubber was rubbed into hair and men kept their hair long or in a top knot.

Where they live

Approximately 2,500 live in the Nass Valley (within the 4 villages) and another 3,500 Nisga’a live elsewhere in Canada, and around the world (predominantly within the 3 urban societies).

Nisga’a villages

The Nisga’a people number about 6,000. In British Columbia, the Nisga’a Nation is represented by four Villages:

• Gitlakdamix (New Aiyansh)
• Gitwinksihlkw (Canyon City)
• Laxgalts’ap (Greenville)
• Gingolx (Kincolith)

Nisga’a Urban Societies

There are also Nisga’a people residing away from their "home communities" with a large concentration in three urban areas which are not in traditional Nisga’a territory:

• Terrace, British Columbia
• Prince Rupert/Port Edward
• Vancouver, British Columbia

Nisga’a calendar/life

The Nisga’a calendar revolves around harvesting of foods & goods used. The original year followed the various moons throughout the year.

K’aliiyee - To Walk North (January)

This time of year, the sun begins to go North (K’alii) again

Buxwlaks - To Blow Around (February)

Blow Around refers to the amount of wind during this time of year

Xsaak - To Eat Oolichans (March)

The oolichans return to the Nass River the end of February/beginning of March

This is the tradional time to celebrate the New Year, also known as Hoobiyee (variations of spelling include: Hobiyee, Hobiiyee, Hoobiiyee)

The oolichans are the first food harvested after the winter, which marks the beginning of the harvesting year.

Mmaal - To Use Canoes Again (April)

The ice begins to break on the river, allowing for canoes to be used again

Yansa’alt - Leaves Are Blooming (May)

The leaves begin to flourish once again

Miso’o - Sockeye Salmon (June)

Sockeye salmon are harvested

Xmaay - To Eat Berries (July)

various berries are harvested

Wii Hoon - Great Salmon (August)

Great amounts of salmon are harvested

Genuugwiikw - Trail of the Marmot (September)

Small game such as marmots are hunted

Xlaaxw - To Eat Trout (October)

Trout are the main staple for this month

Gwilatkw - To Blanket (November)

The earth is "Blanketed" with snow

Luut’aa - To Sit (December)

The sun is sitting in one spot

Treaty

Main article: Nisga'a Final Agreement

On August 4, 1998, a land-claim was settled between the Nisga’a, the government of British Columbia, and the Government of Canada. As part of the settlement in the Nass River valley, nearly 2,000 square kilometres of land was officially recognized as Nisga’a, and a 300,000 cubic decameter water reservation was also created. The Bear Glacier Provincial Park was also created as a result of this agreement. The land-claim's settlement was the first formal treaty signed by a First Nation in British Columbia since the Douglas Treaties in 1854.

History

Main article: Tseax Cone

The Tseax Cone situated in a valley above and east of the Tseax River was the source for an eruption during the 18th century that killed approximately 2,000 Nisga’a people from poisonous volcanic gases.

The Royal Chilkat Robe Originated with the Nisga'a People, called Gwiis Halayt this is the Chieftain's Blanket, worn mainly by head Chiefs, the story of the Chilkat: When the Wife of a Nisga'a Chief who came from Tlingit Came to live amounst the Nisga'a She Learned the art of weaving the Chilkat from from her new family, she wove a very nice Chilkat dance apron, when she died the Nisga'a Sent the weaving back to her Tlingit Family, who in turn wanted to learn this art of the Chilkat weaving, they unwove the apron to learn how it was woven, with the great smallpox epidemic most of the Nisga'a Chilkat Weavers died, so the art of weaving the chilkat was almost lost to Nisga'a, the Chilkat then became known to originate from Tlingit. We now have a handfull of Nisga'a that now know how to weave the Chilkat patterns and Raven's Tail Patterns, one day the Nisga'a Chieftian's will be wear the real Chilkat Robe to show their true Authority. This is the True Story of The Chilkat Chieftain's Robe Called Gwiis Halayt

Government

The government bodies of the Nisga'a include the Nisga'a Lisims Government, the government of the Nisga'a Nation, and the Nisga'a Village Governments, one for each of the four Nisga'a Villages.^[1] The Nisga'a Lisims Government is embodied in the Wilp Si'Ayuukhl Nisga'a and located in in the Nisga's Lisims Government Building in Gitlakdamix.

Museum

In 2011 the Nisga'a Museum, a project of the Nisga'a Lisims Government, opened in Laxgalts'ap. It contains many historical artifacts of the Nisga'a people returned after many decades in major museums beyond the Nass Valley.

Prominent Nisga’a

• Frank Arthur Calder, Sim'oogit Wii Lisims hereditary chief, rights activist, legislator, President emeritus Nisga'a Lisims Government
• Joseph Gosnell, hereditary chief Sim'oogit Hleek, treaty negotiator, Former President Nisga'a Lisims Government
• Norman Tait, carver
• Alver Tait, Sim'oogit Gadeelip Master carver
• Ron Joseph Telek, carver
• Alvin A. McKay, hereditary chief, treaty negotiator, educator
• William W.D. McKay, hereditary chief, treaty negotiator
• Dr. Bertram McKay, hereditary chief Past Axdii wil luu gooda, treaty negotiator, educator
• Rodrick Robinson hereditary chief past Minee'eskw, Treaty Negotiator, ambassador for nisga'a Nation
• Nelson Leeson Hereditary Chief Past Axhlawaals, Treaty Negotiator, Former President Nisga'a Lisims Government

See also

• Nisga’a language
• Nisga'a Highway
• Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park
• School District 92 Nisga'a
• Nisga'a Museum
• O God, Our Help in Ages Past
• Gallery of triband flags

References

1. ^ Nisga'a Final Agreement, Government. Retrieved 2011-10-05

Bibliography

• Barbeau, Marius (1950) Totem Poles. 2 vols. (Anthropology Series 30, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119.) Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
• Boas, Franz, Tsimshian Texts (Nass River Dialect), 1902
• Boas, Franz, Tsimshian Texts (New Series), [1912]
• Boston, Thomas (ed.) (1996) From Time before Memory. New Aiyansh, B.C.: School District No. 92 (Nisga’a).
• Bryant, Elvira C. (1996) Up Your Nass. Church of Religious Research.
• Collison, W. H. (1915) In the Wake of the War Canoe: A Stirring Record of Forty Years' Successful Labour, Peril and Adventure amongst the Savage Indian Tribes of the Pacific Coast, and the Piratical Head-Hunting Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Toronto: Musson Book Company. Reprinted by Sono Nis Press, Victoria, B.C. (ed. by Charles Lillard), 1981.
• Dean, Jonathan R. (1993) "The 1811 Nass River Incident: Images of First Conflict on the Intercultural Frontier." Canadian Journal of Native Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 83–103.
• "Fur Trader, A" (Peter Skene Ogden) (1933) Traits of American Indian Life and Character. San Francisco: Grabhorn Press. Reprinted, Dover Publications, 1995. (Ch. 4 is the earliest known description of a Nisga'a feast.)
• McNeary, Stephen A. (1976) Where Fire Came Down: Social and Economic Life of the Niska. Ph.D. dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Penn.
• Patterson, E. Palmer, II (1982) Mission on the Nass: The Evangelization of the Nishga (1860-1890). Waterloo, Ontario: Eulachon Press.
• Raunet, Daniel (1996) Without Surrender, without Consent: A History of the Nisga’a Land Claims. Revised ed. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre.
• Rose, Alex (2000) Spirit Dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty. Madeira Park, B.C.: Harbour Publishing.
• Roth, Christopher F. (2002) "Without Treaty, without Conquest: Indigenous Sovereignty in Post-Delgamuukw British Columbia." Wicazo Sa Review, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 143–165.
• Sapir, Edward (1915) "A Sketch of the Social Organization of the Nass River Indians." Anthropological Series, no. 7. Geological Survey, Museum Bulletin, no. 19. Ottawa: Government Printing Office. ([http://www.archive.org/details/sketchofsocialor00sapiiala Online version] at the Internet Archive)
• Sterritt, Neil J., et al. (1998) Tribal Boundaries in the Nass Watershed. Vancouver: U.B.C. Press.

External links

• Nisg̱a’a Lisims Government
• Nisga’a Final Agreement documents
• School District 92 (Nisga’a)
• The Terrace Nisga’a Society
• Gitmax̱mak’ay Nisga’a Prince Rupert/Port Edward Society
• Kwhlii Gibaygum Nisga’a Traditional Performers (Vancouver Nisga’a Traditional Dance Group)
• Nisga’a Names, Nisg̱a’a Lands (tribal map)
• My World Of The Nisga’a Nation
• Ging̱olx website
• Nisga’a People of the Rainbow
• Laxgalts’ap Homepage
• Gitwinksihlkw Unofficial Homepage
• Gitlakdamix/New Aiyansh Unofficial Homepage
• Map of Nisga’a Lands (northern portion)
• Map of Nisga’a Lands (southern/core portion)
• School District 92 (Nisga’a) Language Department
• Nisga'a Museum