Sunda Clouded Leopard

Sunda Clouded Leopard Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to Recent
Sunda Clouded Leopard in lower Kinabatangan River, eastern Sabah, Malaysia
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Felidae
Subfamily:	Pantherinae
Genus:	Neofelis
Species:	N. diardi
Binomial name
Neofelis diardi G. Cuvier, 1823
Range of Sunda Clouded Leopard
Synonyms
Felis diardii Felis macrocelis Felis marmota Neofelis nebulosa diardi

The Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi), also known as the Sundaland Clouded Leopard and is a medium-sized wild cat found in Borneo and Sumatra. In 2006, it was classified as a separate species, distinct from its continental relative Neofelis nebulosa.^[2][3]

In 2008, the IUCN classified the species as vulnerable, with a total effective population size suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, and a decreasing population trend.^[1]

Previously, the species was known as the Bornean Clouded Leopard — a name publicised by the WWF in March 2007, quoting Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. National Cancer Institute as saying, "Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopard of Borneo should be considered a separate species".^[4]

Characteristics

The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest felid in Borneo, and has a stocky build, weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion to the skull length, are longer than those of any other extant feline. Its tail can grow to be as long as its body, aiding balance.

Its coat is marked with irregularly-shaped, dark-edged ovals which are said to be shaped like clouds, hence its common name. Though scientists have known of its existence since the early 19th century, it was positively identified as being a distinct species in its own right in 2006, having long been believed to be a subspecies of the mainland Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa).^[2][3]

Distribution and habitat

The Sunda clouded leopard is probably restricted to Borneo and Sumatra. In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest, and at lower density, in logged forest. Records in Borneo are below 1,500 m (4,900 ft). In Sumatra, they appear to be more abundant in hilly, montane areas. It is unknown if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu Islands close to Sumatra.^[1]

Between March and August 2005, tracks of clouded leopards were recorded during field research in the Tabin Wildlife Reserve in Sabah. The population size in the 56 km² (22 sq mi) research area was estimated to be five individuals, based on a capture-recapture analysis of four confirmed animals differentiated by their tracks; with a density estimated at eight to 17 individuals per 100 km² (39 sq mi). The population in Sabah is roughly estimated at 1,500–3,200 individuals, with only 275–585 of them living in totally protected reserves that are large enough to hold a long-term viable population of more than 50 individuals.^[5]

The first documented film of a Sundaland clouded leopard was taken in June 2009 in Sabah.^[6]

On Sumatra, Sunda clouded leopards occur most probably in much lower densities than on Borneo. One explanation for this lower density of about 1.29 individuals per 100 km² (39 sq mi) might be that on Sumatra clouded leopards co-occur sympatrically with the tiger, whereas on Borneo clouded leopards are the largest carnivores.^[7]

Clouded leopard fossils have been found on Java, where it perhaps became extinct in the Holocene.^[8]

Ecology and behaviour

The habits of the Sunda clouded leopard are largely unknown because of the animal's secretive nature. It is assumed that it is generally a solitary creature.

The clouded leopard hunts mainly on the ground and uses its climbing skills to hide from dangers.^{[citation needed]}

Evolutionary and taxonomic history

Illustration published 1834 in William Jardine's The Natural History of The Feline

The genetic analysis of specimens of Neofelis nebulosa and Neofelis diardi implies that the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago, after having used a now submerged land bridge to reach Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia.^[2]

The split of Neofelis diardi subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic ‘‘super-eruption’’ of the Toba Volcano in Sumatra 69,000–77,000 years ago. A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.^[9]

The species was named Felis diardi in honor of the French naturalist and explorer Pierre-Médard Diard by Georges Cuvier in 1823, based on a drawing and skin allegedly from Java.^[10] In the 19th century Felis diardii designated both clouded and Sunda clouded leopards, colloquially "Diard's Cat".^[11]

The species was long regarded as a subspecies of the clouded leopard, and named Neofelis nebulosa diardi. In December 2006, the journal Current Biology published two articles, in which two distinct species of Clouded Leopard were reclassified and redefined:

• Neofelis nebulosa from mainland Asia and
• Neofelis diardi from the Malay archipelago, except Peninsular Malaysia.

Results of a morphometric analysis of the pelages of fifty-seven clouded leopards sampled throughout the genus' wide geographical range indicated that there are two distinct morphological groups, differing primarily in the size of their cloud markings.^[3] In another study, DNA samples from the Bornean and mainland Asia populations were used in molecular genetic analyses, revealing differences in mtDNA, nuclear DNA sequences, microsatellite and cytogenetic variation. Thirty-six fixed mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide differences, and 20 microsatellite loci with nonoverlapping allele-size ranges distinguished the populations — a degree of differentiation equivalent to, or greater than, comparable measures among the panthera species — and strongly support a species-level distinction between Neofelis nebulosa and Neofelis diardi.^[2]

Molecular, craniomandibular and dental analysis indicates subspecifical distinction of Bornean and Sumatran clouded leopards into two populations with separate evolutionary histories — a Bornean subspecies Neofelis diardi borneensis and a Sumatran subspecies Neofelis diardi diardi. Both populations are estimated to have diverged from each other during the Middle to Late Pleistocene.^[9]

Threats

Deforestation in Sumatra

Sunda clouded leopards being strongly arboreal are forest-dependent, and are increasingly threatened by habitat destruction following deforestation in Indonesia as well as in Malaysia.^[1] Since the early 1970s, much of the forest cover has been cleared in southern Sumatra, in particular lowland tropical evergreen forest. Fragmentation of forest stands and agricultural encroachments have rendered wildlife particularly vulnerable to human pressure.^[12] Borneo has one of the world's highest deforestation rates. While in the mid-1980s forests still covered nearly three quarters of the island, by 2005 only 52% of Borneo was still forested. Both forests and land make way for human settlement. Illegal trade in wildlife is a widely spread practice.^[13]

The population status of Sunda clouded leopards in Sumatra and Borneo has been estimated to decrease due to forest loss, forest conversion, illegal logging, encroachment, and possibly hunting. In Borneo, forest fires pose an additional threat, particularly in Kaltim and in the Sebangau National Park.^[14]

There have been reports of poaching of Sunda clouded leopards in Brunei's Belait District where locals are selling their pelts at a lucrative price.^[15]

Conservation

The species is listed on CITES Appendix I, and is fully protected in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. Sunda clouded leopards occur in most protected areas along the Sumatran mountain spine, and in most protected areas on Borneo.^[1]

Since November 2006, the Bornean Wild Cat and Clouded Leopard Project based in the Danum Valley Conservation Area and the Tabin Wildlife Reserve aims to study the behaviour and ecology of the five species of Bornean wild cat — bay cat, flat-headed cat, marbled cat, leopard cat, Sunda clouded leopard — and their prey, with a focus on the clouded leopard; investigate the effects of habitat alteration; increase awareness of the Bornean wild cats and their conservation needs, using the clouded leopard as a flagship species; and investigate threats to the Bornean wild cats from hunting and trade in Sabah.^[16]

The Sundaland clouded leopard is one of the focal felids of the project Conservation of Carnivores in Sabah based in northeastern Borneo since July 2008. The project team evaluates the consequences of different forms of forest exploitation for the abundance and density of felids in three commercially used forest reserves. They intend to assess the conservation needs of these felids and develop species specific conservation action plans together with other researchers and all local stakeholders.^[17]

Local names

The local names, "Macan Dahan" in Indonesian and "Harimau Dahan" in Malay (also reported historically in Sumatra), mean "tree branch tiger".^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Carnivorans discovered in the 2000s

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. and Sunarto, S. (2008). "Neofelis diardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/136603. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Buckley-Beason, V.A., Johnson, W.E., Nash, W.G., Stanyon, R., Menninger, J.C., Driscoll, C.A., Howard, J., Bush, M., Page, J.E., Roelke, M.E., Stone, G., Martelli, P., Wen, C., Ling, L.; Duraisingam, R.K., Lam, V.P., O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards". Current Biology 16 (23): 2371–2376. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.066. PMID 17141620. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Kitchener, A.C., Beaumont, M.A., Richardson, D. (5 December 2006). "Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, Reveals Two Species". Current Biology 16 (23): 2377–2383. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.066. PMID 17141621. 
4. ^ "New Species Declared: Clouded Leopard found on Borneo and Sumatra". ScienceDaily. 15 March 2007. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070315075842.htm. Retrieved 26 November 2010. 
5. ^ Wilting, A., Fischer, F., Abu Bakar, S. and Linsenmair, K. E. (2006). "Clouded leopards, the secretive top-carnivore of South-East Asian rainforests: their distribution, status and conservation needs in Sabah, Malaysia". BMC Ecology 6: 16. doi:10.1186/1472-6785-6-16. PMC 1654139. PMID 17092347. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1654139. 
6. ^ Mohamed, A. and Wilting, A. (2009) Sundaland Clouded leopard Neofelis diardi. Filmed at Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Conservation of Carnivores in Sabah online
7. ^ Hutujulu, B., Sunarto, Klenzendorf, S., Supriatna, J., Budiman, A. and Yahya, A. (2007) Study on the ecological characteristics of clouded leopard in Riau, Sumatra. In: J. Hughes and M. Mercer (eds) Felid Biology and Conservation: Programme and Abstracts : An International Conference, 17–20 September 2007, Oxford. Oxford University, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit
8. ^ Meijaard, E. (2004) Biogeographic history of the javan leopard Panthera pardus based on a craniometric analysis. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 302–310.
9. ^ ^{a b} Wilting A., Christiansen P., Kitchener A.C., Kemp Y.J.M., Ambu L., Fickel, J. (2010). "Geographical variation in and evolutionary history of the Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) with the description of a new subspecies from Borneo". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (in press). doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.007. PMID 21074625. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WNH-51FGT0V-3-K&_cdi=6963&_user=10&_pii=S1055790310004306&_origin=search&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2010&_sk=999999999&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkWb&md5=71638c4ab5129e5f1dc9c1eba43e2843&ie=/sdarticle.pdf. 
10. ^ Cuvier, G. (1823) Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles; ou, l'on retablit les caracteres de plusiers animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les especes. Volume IV: Les Ruminans et les Carnassiers Fossiles. Paris: G. Dufour & E. d'Ocagne
11. ^ George Ripley (1858). The New American Cyclopedia. D. Appleton and Company. pp. 543. http://books.google.com/?id=pN_CQOaQi-oC&pg=RA7-PA543&lpg=RA7-PA543&dq=diard's+cat. 
12. ^ Gaveaua, David L.A., Wandonoc, H., Setiabudid, F. (2007). "Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Have protected areas halted forest loss and logging, and promoted re-growth?". Biological Conservation 134 (4): 495–504. http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41014243.pdf. 
13. ^ Rautner, M., Hardiono, M., Alfred, R. J. (2005), Borneo: treasure island at risk. Status of Forest, Wildlife, and related Threats on the Island of Borneo, WWF Germany, http://assets.panda.org/downloads/treasureislandatrisk.pdf 
14. ^ Povey, K., Sunarto, H. J.G., Priatna, D., Ngoprasert, D., Reed, D., Wilting, A., Lynam, A., Haidai, I., Long, B., Johnson, A., Cheyne, S., Breitenmoser, C., Holzer, K., Byers, O. (eds.) CBSG. (2009), Clouded Leopard and Small Felid Conservation Summit Final Report., IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN., http://www.cbsg.org/cbsg/workshopreports/26/small_felids_2009_final_report.pdf 
15. ^ Shahminan, F., Begawan, B. S. (2010) Poaching threatens clouded leopards The Brunei Times, 19 December 2010.
16. ^ Hearn, A., Ross, J. (2006). "Bornean Wild Cat and Clouded Leopard Project". Cat Project of the Month – November 2006. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/project-o-month/02_webarchive/grafics/dec2006.pdf. 
17. ^ Wilting, A., Mohamed, A. (2009). "Consequences of different forest management strategies for felids in Sabah, Malaysia". Cat Project of the Month – May 2009. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/project-o-month/02_webarchive/grafics/may2009.pdf. 

External links

• Bornean Clouded Leopard Programme
• Clouded Leopard Conservation and Research in Borneo
• BBC Earth News, February 2010: Clouded leopard: First film of new Asia big cat species
• New Scientist: Rare leopard caught on candid camera

Older newspaper articles still online:

• The Clouded Leopard Project, March 2007: Borneo Clouded Leopard Classified as New Species
• BBC News, March 2007: Island leopard deemed new species
• msnbc.com, March 2007: New leopard species found in Borneo
• National Geographic, March 2007: Photo in the News: New Leopard Species Announced
• Daily Mail, March 2007: New species of leopard with largest fangs in cat world discovered