Melanocyte-inhibiting factor

Melanocyte-inhibiting factor
Melanocyte-inhibiting factor
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(S)-N-((S)-1-(2-amino-2-oxoethylamino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Clinical data
MedlinePlus a605038
Pregnancy cat.  ?
Legal status  ?
Routes IV
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 100% (injected)
Metabolism plasma protease enzymes
Excretion N/A
Identifiers
CAS number 2002-44-0
ATC code  ?
PubChem CID 3896043
Synonyms L-propyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide
Chemical data
Formula C13H24N4O3 
Mol. mass 284.355 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
 YesY(what is this?)  (verify)

Melanocyte-inhibiting factor (also known as Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, Melanostatin, MSH release-inhibiting hormone or MIF-1) is an endogenous peptide fragment derived from cleavage of the hormone oxytocin, but having generally different actions in the body.[1][2] MIF-1 produces multiple effects, both blocking the effects of opioid receptor activation,[3][4][5][6][7][8] while at the same time acting as a positive allosteric modulator of the D2 and D4 dopamine receptor subtypes,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] as well as inhibiting release of other neuropeptides such as alpha-MSH,[18][19][20] and potentiating melatonin activity.[21]

This complex mix of actions produces a profile of antidepressant,[22][23][24] nootropic,[25][26][27][28] and anti-Parkinsonian effects when MIF-1 is administered,[29][30][31] and it has been investigated for various medical uses. MIF-1 is unusually resistant to metabolism in the bloodstream,[32] and crosses the blood-brain barrier easily,[33][34] though it is poorly active orally and is usually injected. Several other closely related peptides with important actions in the body include Tyr-MIF-1 and endomorphin-1 and -2.[35][36][37][38][39]

See also

References

  1. ^ Celis ME, Taleisnik S, Walter R (July 1971). "Regulation of formation and proposed structure of the factor inhibiting the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 68 (7): 1428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1428. PMC 389210. PMID 5283931. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=389210. 
  2. ^ Petersson M, Uvnäs-Moberg K (December 2004). "Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide shares some effects with oxytocin but decreases oxytocin levels". Physiology & Behavior 83 (3): 475–81. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.034. PMID 15581670. 
  3. ^ Chiu S, Mishra RK (January 1979). "Antagonism of morphine-induced catalepsy by L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide". European Journal of Pharmacology 53 (2): 119–25. PMID 32058. 
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  5. ^ Contreras PC, Takemori AE (June 1984). "Effect of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on levorphanol-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence". Life Sciences 34 (26): 2559–66. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90041-9. PMID 6146083. 
  6. ^ Ehrensing RH, Kastin AJ, Michell GF (December 1984). "Antagonism of morphine analgesia by prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (MIF-1) in humans". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 21 (6): 975–8. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(84)80083-0. PMID 6151672. 
  7. ^ Galina ZH, Kastin AJ (December 1986). "Existence of antiopiate systems as illustrated by MIF-1/Tyr-MIF-1". Life Sciences 39 (23): 2153–9. PMID 2878336. 
  8. ^ Bocheva A, Dzambazova-Maximova E (November 2004). "Antiopioid properties of the TYR-MIF-1 family". Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 26 (9): 673–7. PMID 15632952. 
  9. ^ Kostrzewa RM, Spirtes MA, Klara JW, Christensen CW, Kastin AJ, Joh TH (1976). "Effects of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycine amide (MIF-I) on dopaminergic neurons". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 5 (Suppl 1): 125–7. PMID 13412. 
  10. ^ Singhal RL, Rastogi RB (February 1982). "MIF-1: effects on norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin metabolism in certain discrete brain regions". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 16 (2): 229–33. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(82)90153-8. PMID 6122214. 
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  12. ^ Xu DL, Yu WC, Pan GB, Chen SD (1987). "Mechanism of action of L-leucyl-glycinamide and its effect on Parkinson's disease". Advances in Neurology 45: 587–90. PMID 2881450. 
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  14. ^ Fisher A, Mann A, Verma V, Thomas N, Mishra RK, Johnson RL (January 2006). "Design and synthesis of photoaffinity-labeling ligands of the L-prolyl-L-leucylglycinamide binding site involved in the allosteric modulation of the dopamine receptor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49 (1): 307–17. doi:10.1021/jm050644n. PMC 2533518. PMID 16392815. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2533518. 
  15. ^ Vartak AP, Skoblenick K, Thomas N, Mishra RK, Johnson RL (December 2007). "Allosteric modulation of the dopamine receptor by conformationally constrained type VI beta-turn peptidomimetics of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 50 (26): 6725–9. doi:10.1021/jm070895r. PMC 2529021. PMID 18052024. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2529021. 
  16. ^ Raghavan B, Skoblenick KJ, Bhagwanth S, Argintaru N, Mishra RK, Johnson RL (April 2009). "Allosteric modulation of the dopamine D2 receptor by Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 peptidomimetics constrained in either a polyproline II helix or a type II beta-turn conformation". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 52 (7): 2043–51. doi:10.1021/jm801575w. PMC 2712934. PMID 19271750. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2712934. 
  17. ^ Mann A, Verma V, Basu D, Skoblenick KJ, Beyaert MG, Fisher A, Thomas N, Johnson RL, Mishra RK (September 2010). "Specific binding of photoaffinity-labeling peptidomimetics of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 to the dopamine D2L receptor: evidence for the allosteric modulation of the dopamine receptor". European Journal of Pharmacology 641 (2-3): 96–101. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.018. PMID 20639138. 
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  19. ^ McCullen RK, Peiffer RL, Jennes L, Hernandez DE (1988). "Inhibition by MIF-I of alpha-MSH induced increase of intraocular pressure and miosis in rabbits". Neuropeptides 12 (4): 213–7. PMID 2907121. 
  20. ^ Caballero C, Celis ME (May 1993). "The effect of the blockade of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on LH release in the rat". The Journal of Endocrinology 137 (2): 197–202. PMID 8100849. 
  21. ^ Sandyk R (May 1990). "MIF-induced augmentation of melatonin functions: possible relevance to mechanisms of action of MIF-1 in movement disorders". The International Journal of Neuroscience 52 (1-2): 59–65. PMID 1979968. 
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