Cannabis in Oregon

Leaf of a Cannabis plant.

Cannabis in Oregon relates to a number of legislative, legal, and cultural events surrounding use of cannabis (marijuana, hash, THC, kief, etc.) Oregon was the first U.S. state to decriminalize the possession of small amounts of cannabis, and among the first to authorize its use for medical purposes. An attempt to recriminalize possession of small amounts of cannabis was turned down by Oregon voters in 1997.

From 1999 through 2005, the ratio of Oregonians using cannabis outpaced the general United States population by 32–45%. In 2003–2004, Oregon ranked among the top five states for cannabis usage of people 12 and older. Oregon is also one of the largest cannabis producing states, ranking fourth in indoor production, and tenth overall in 2006.

In surveys conducted in 1974 and 1975—one and two years after decriminalization—it was found that 2% of respondents said they did not use marijuana or cannabis because they were unavailable, 4% for legal or law enforcement reasons, 53% reported lack of interest, and 23% cited health dangers. The remaining 19% were using or had used it at one time.^[1]

Cannabis culture in Oregon

Usage

According to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), cannabis is readily available in Oregon.^[2] According to a 2006 report by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, in 2003–2004 Oregon ranked in the top fifth of states for cannabis usage in three age categories: 12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 and older.^[3] In 2005, while most states that had passed medical marijuana bills over the past decade saw marijuana use among teenagers decline faster than the national average (a 43% decrease), Oregon, Nevada, and Maine saw smaller decreases than the average.^[4]

Table of monthly cannabis users

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimates and publishes the number of people to have used cannabis in the previous 30 days, as compiled by the Oregon chapter of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML):^[5]

Year	Recent Oregon users	Recent U.S. users	Oregon vs. U.S. recent users
1999	6.60%	4.7%	+40%
2000	6.53%	4.8%	+36%
2001	7.19%	5.4%	+33%
2002	8.96%	6.2%	+45%
2003	8.88%	6.2%	+43%
2004	8.03%	6.1%	+32%
2005	8.36%	6.0%	+38%

Cultivation

Indoor Cannabis cultivation.

Oregon imports cannabis from Washington, California, Mexico and Canada, while also producing a large quantity locally. Cultivation techniques range from simple dirt grows to complex hydroponics operations. Large indoor and outdoor growing operations have been discovered on private, state, and forest lands, with plants numbering in the thousands. Recently, large outdoor growing operations by Mexican drug trafficking organizations have become more common. Highly potent cannabis grown in Oregon is consumed locally, and distributed to other parts of the U.S.^[2]

In 1988, due to the success of the DEA's Campaign Against Marijuana Planting in California, Oregon rivaled California nationally in cannabis production.^[6] In the 1990s, Oregon was a national leader in indoor cannabis cultivation, along with California, Washington, Kentucky and South Florida.^[7][8] For the decade ending in 1991, the DEA considered Oregon the "nation's cradle of indoor marijuana growing."^[9] In 2006, Oregon was the fourth largest indoor cannabis producing state, and the tenth largest cannabis producing state overall.^[10]

Events and attitudes

See also: Portland Hempstalk Festival and Vortex I

According to Nick Budnick of the Willamette Week, medical marijuana has "helped legitimize pot culture in Oregon." In 2005, Multnomah County Circuit Judge Doug Beckman said "I think there's a broader social acceptance for users of marijuana. And gradually there's increasing public pressure, I think, to decriminalize marijuana."^[11]

Festival goers at the 2007 Hempstalk in Portland, Oregon playing Hackey Sack

In 2007, nearly 20,000 people attended the third annual Hempstalk Festival at Sellwood Riverfront Park in Portland, Oregon.^[12] While organizers insisted smoking would not be tolerated, the smell of marijuana lingered in the air and some festival goers chose to consume various forms of cannabis foods.^[12] No festival attendees were arrested. Seattle Hempfest is an annual event in Seattle, Washington also attended by Oregonians, known as the world's largest^[13] annual gathering advocating decriminalization of marijuana for uses including but not limited to medicinal, industrial, and recreational.^[14] The 2008 Seattle Hempfest, which took place August 16–17, set a new record with around 150,000 people in attendance.^[15]

Legality

Cannabis and marijuana were completely legal in Oregon until 1935, when the state passed the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act. The legislative record contains no mention of those substances causing any problems, but they were simply included as part of the package.^[1] The Oregon Decriminalization Bill of 1973 abolished criminal penalties for possession of small amounts of marijuana. As a result, possession of up to an ounce of marijuana in Oregon today is a violation (not a crime), punishable only by a fine of $500 to $1000. There is one exception, however, which is: if possession of such an amount occurs in a public place within 1000 feet of a school attended by minors, the person committing the offense is guilty of a Class C misdemeanor instead. Possession of more than one ounce, no matter the proximity to a school, is a Class B felony. The actual use of marijuana in private, and being under the influence of marijuana, are not punishable offenses under Oregon law. However, public use, and also driving under the influence of marijuana, are punishable offenses.

Intentionally growing even one marijuana plant (Unlawful manufacture of marijuana), is a Class A felony in Oregon (ORS 475.856, 475.858). Selling or giving away marijuana is an offense (Unlawful delivery of marijuana) that varies in severity and penalty depending on the amount of marijuana involved in the transaction, whether or not consideration is involved, the relative ages of the people involved, and the proximity of the transaction to nearby schools attended by minors (ORS 475.860, 475.862). Giving away five grams of marijuana or less by an adult to another adult for no payment at a location at least 1000 feet from the closest school is only a violation, punishable by a fine of $500 to $1000. However, if greater amounts of marijuana are involved, if any payment at all is involved, if delivery is by an adult to a minor, and/or if delivery occurs within 1000 feet of a school (even if both parties are adults), the severity of the offense can range from Class C misdemeanor to Class A felony with increasing penalties.

The preceding convictions and penalties apply to any person, minor or adult, Oregon resident or otherwise, when the offense occurs within the state of Oregon. However, Oregon marijuana law is further complicated due to the existence of Oregon's medical marijuana program. The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program allows individuals with a medical history of one or more qualifying illnesses and a doctor's recommendation to apply for registration with the program. Accepted applicants are issued a Medical Marijuana Card, which entitles them to different treatment under the law. Essentially, medical marijuana patients are allowed to possess, without fear of citation, arrest, or penalty, up to 1.5 pounds of marijuana at a time. Possession of a greater amount, however, does become punishable by law. In addition to legal possession, cardholders may also legally grow, without fear of citation, arrest, or penalty, up to 18 immature cannabis plants and 6 mature ones at a single time. Cardholders are also allowed to designate a primary caregiver and a grower of their choice, if so inclined. These people enjoy the same freedoms as the cardholder as long as they remain officially registered. The above limits of legal possession apply to the total combined property of the cardholder, caregiver, and grower. If a grower is growing plants for more than one cardholder, he or she may possess up to 18 immature plants per cardholder. A grower may not grow plants for more than four cardholders at a time. Also, in addition to legal possession and manufacture as outlined above, cardholders, caregivers, and growers may legally deliver marijuana to each other, and to other cardholders, so long as the delivery is made without consideration. The privileges which normally protect cardholders, caregivers, and growers from citation, arrest, and penalty do not excuse possession, manufacture, or delivery in cases where they are simultaneously guilty of certain offenses listed in ORS 475.316, such as driving under the influence of marijuana or using marijuana in public.

In June 2010, the Oregon Board of Pharmacy reclassified marijuana from a Schedule I drug to a Schedule II drug.^[16] According to a press release from the board, "The Board of Pharmacy’s action to reschedule marijuana on the state list does not supersede federal law or create a direct conflict with federal law. It simply does not address federal law," and, "Marijuana or products containing any amount of marijuana will not be available by prescription in Oregon unless they have been approved by the FDA."^[17] News reports noted that this reclassification makes Oregon the "first state in the nation to make marijuana anything less serious than a Schedule I drug."^[18] (See also Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act)

A ballot measure of the November 2010 election would have established a state licensing system for marijuana producers and dispensaries, allowed the sale of marijuana from the dispensaries to medical marijuana patients, provide low income assistance for those patients, and set up a research program to evaluate the effects of the new law.^[19] It was defeated with 43.85% support and 56.15% opposition.^[20]

The Oregon Cannabis Tax Act is another recent citizens' initiative. If approved, it would legalize marijuana for recreational adult use, regulate and tax the cultivation and sale of marijuana, and legalize the production, use, and sale of hemp. The initiative failed to receive enough signatures from Oregon voters to be placed on the November 2010 ballot, but a new campaign is underway to put the initiative on the 2012 ballot. However, the signature form is not yet available for download from the campaign website as of September 11, 2010.

Decriminalization

"…the solution is not to toss youthful offenders into jail or prisons. We long ago recognized alcoholism to be a disease, and abandoned efforts to treat alcoholics simply by locking them up."

Oregon Governor Tom McCall, who signed the nation's first legislation decriminalizing certain marijuana offenses.^[21]

See also: Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States

In 1973, Oregon became the first state to decriminalize cannabis.^[22] Possession of 28.35 grams (1 ounce) or less is a violation (not a crime) punishable by a $500 to $1,000 fine; stricter punishments exist for sale or cultivation. Possession of 1 ounce to 110 grams is a class B felony punishable by 10 years in prison, and possession of more than 110 grams is a felony with punishment depending on the defendant's prior record.^[23] In 1986, Oregon's Ballot Measure 5 sought to legalize cannabis. The Oregon Marijuana Initiative spent about $50,000 promoting the proposition, and collected the 87,000 signatures necessary to place it on the ballot. In 1986, by some estimates, cannabis was Oregon's largest cash crop,^[24] estimated in 1985 at between $1 billion and $1.15 billion.^[25] The ballot measure was rejected by Oregon voters^[26] with 279,479 "Yes" and 781,922 "No" votes, or 26.33% support.^[27]

In 1995, Oregon House Bill 3466, which would have recriminalized marijuana in Oregon, died. According to bill sponsor Jerry Grisham (R–Beavercreek), HB 3466 was meant to counter a circulating initiative petition called The Oregon Cannabis Tax Act of 1997, which would have allowed state liquor stores to sell marijuana and permitted hemp production for paper, fabric, oil, and protein. Taxes on these products would go to schools to replace funding allegedly lost by Measure 5. The petition was sponsored by a political action committee named Pay for Schools by Regulating Cannabis.^[28]

HB 3466 would have increased penalties for possession of under an ounce of marijuana from an infraction (traffic ticket-like offense) to a Class A misdemeanor, the worst non-felony offense, with a fine of $100 to $1,000 per gram, up to a maximum of $5,000. The bill also would have created a new crime—being under the influence of marijuana—punishable by a fine of up to $5,000.^[28] The bill would have passed according to the positions of state senators, but was blocked on a technical basis which prevented it from coming to the floor the same day it was read—which allows public input—unless overridden by a vote.^[28]

In 1997, the Oregon Legislature passed House Bill 3643, making the possession of less than an ounce of marijuana a Class C misdemeanor,^[29] which added a possible jail sentence of up to 30 days. According to Eric Schlosser of Rolling Stone, John Kitzhaber, then Oregon's governor, signed the bill because he did not want to appear soft on crime.^[22] Activists opposing HB 3643 collected twice as many signatures as were required to force a referendum on the bill. John Sperling, Peter Lewis, and George Soros were the principal financial backers of the referendum signature drive.^[30] Measure 57, which would have upheld HB 3643, was turned down by a margin of 2–1.^[22][31]

The Oregonians For Cannabis Reform 2010 hoped to make cannabis products legal and available in a retail environment by enacting the Oregon Cannabis Tax Act of 2010 (OCTA), but the effort failed to collect the minimum 83,000 signatures by the July 2 deadline to qualify for the 2010 ballot.^[32] Backers of the initiative say 90% of the proceeds from the state's sale of marijuana would have gone to Oregon's general fund (as much as $300 million^[33]), lowering the state tax burden, while 10% of the revenue would have been used to fund drug abuse education and treatment programs.^[32] Advocates claim the marijuana market would be removed from the underground economy, where young people and drug abusers often take control, and place it in liquor stores regulated by the Oregon Liquor Control Commission so the minimum age of 21 can be enforced. According to Madeline Martinez, Executive Director of NORML's Oregon chapter, U.S. Congressman Barney Frank (D–Massachusetts) has endorsed the idea, though support from Oregon state officials has been limited.^[33]

Medical cannabis

Main article: Oregon Medical Marijuana Act

The Oregon Medical Marijuana Act was established by Ballot Measure 67, a citizens' initiative, in November 1998, the same election as the referendum Measure 57. It modified state law to allow the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana by prescription by patients with certain medical conditions. The ballot measure passed by a margin of 54.6% to 45.4%.^[34] The Act does not affect federal law, which still prohibits the cultivation and possession of marijuana. Bernie Hobson, spokesman for the DEA's Seattle regional office, said "From a federal standpoint, there is no such thing as medical marijuana."^[35] Four other western states (Alaska, Arizona, Nevada and Washington) and the District of Columbia passed similar measures legalizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes in the same election.^[36]

The act created "The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program," which administers the Medical Marijuana Act approved by the public in November 1998.^[37] The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program administers the program within the Oregon Department of Human Services. As of April 1, 2009, there were 20,974 patients registered, with 10,626 caregivers holding cards for these patients.^[38] Virtually all patients benefiting from the program (18,000+) suffer from severe pain and more than 3,200 from nausea. The other conditions are given as epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, cancer, cachexia, chronic glaucoma and tremors caused by Alzheimer's disease.^[38] Multiple states have requested information on Oregon's program to use as a model for their own medical marijuana initiatives and registration systems.^[37]

In 2004, an Oregon ballot measure that would have increased the amount of cannabis a patient can legally possess to six pounds was defeated by Oregon voters.^[39] In 2005, the Oregon Medical Marijuana Program brought in more than $900,000 to the state's budget for the Department of Human Services.^[33]

Medical cannabis reform activists filed Initiative 28, an initiative that would create a licensed and regulated medical marijuana supply system through non-profit dispensaries. The initiative was co-authored by John Sajo who helped draft the Oregon Medical Marijuana Act and Anthony Johnson who co-authored successful marijuana law reform measures while in law school at the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Law. Supporters argue that the measure is needed to ensure that patients have a supply of medical cannabis and that the imposed licensing fees will generate millions of dollars in revenue for the state. Fees collected from the dispensaries and their producers will be utilized to fund medical research, establish a program to assist-low income patients and help finance Oregon health programs, such as the Oregon Health Plan. The Coalition for Patients Rights first turned in over 61,000 signatures on January 11, 2010, to the Oregon Secretary of State and needed 82,769 valid signatures to qualify the measure for the November 2010 ballot.^[40] Members of the patients' rights coalition, including Oregon Green Free, Voter Power and Southern Oregon NORML eventually collected enough signatures to place the initiative on the ballot. On August 2, 2010, the Oregon Secretary of State announced that the non-profit dispensary proposal would be placed on the November ballot as Measure 74.

Measure 74 has received great publicity across Oregon and earned the endorsement of the Democratic Party of Oregon, providing medical cannabis more mainstream support than it ever achieved in Oregon. 11 Oregon Voters' Pamphlet Arguments were submitted in support of Measure 74. Arguments were submitted by former Portland Police Chief and Mayor, Tom Potter; retired Oregon Supreme Court Justice Betty Roberts; former federal prosecutor Kristine Olson; as well as several doctors and nurses, including, Dr. Richard Bayer, Chief Petitioner of the Oregon Medical Marijuana Act.

Progressive Reform of Oregon (Pro-Oregon), a new 501 (c)(4) federal non-profit released the first commercial urging voters to support Measure 74. Pro-Oregon is dedicated to ending the War on Cannabis and implementing policies that promote freedom and equality under the law.

Conflict with federal drug law

United States cannabis laws.

  States with medical cannabis laws

  States with decriminalization laws

  States with both

Physician liability

Physicians who recommend or support marijuana cannot have their licenses revoked according to a September 7, 2000 decision by the U.S. District Court. The case, Dr. Marcus Conant, et al., v. McCaffrey et al., arose from two events: the November 1996 passage of California Proposition 215 which authorized medical marijuana, and a December 30, 1996 response to the law by the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy which said

a practitioner's action of recommending or prescribing Schedule I controlled substances is not consistent with the 'public interest' (as that phrase is used in the federal Controlled Substances Act) and will lead to administrative action by the Drug Enforcement Administration to revoke the practitioner's registration.^[41]

The statement accompanied authorization for the U.S. Inspector General for Health and Human Services to exclude individuals from participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs, such as physicians who recommend marijuana to patients for medical purposes. Clarification two months later affirmed that mere discussion of any drugs with a patient was not grounds for sanction, but affirmed that physicians "may not intentionally provide their patients with oral or written statements in order to enable them to obtain controlled substances in violation of federal law." The court's decision acknowledged that the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions.^[41] Furthermore,

Given the doctrine of constitutional doubt, the government’s construction of the Controlled Substances Act cannot stand. The government should be permanently enjoined from (i) revoking any physician class member’s DEA registration merely because the doctor makes a recommendation for the use of medical marijuana based on a sincere medical judgment and (ii) from initiating any investigation solely on that ground. The injunction should apply whether or not the doctor anticipates that the patient will, in turn, use his or her recommendation to obtain marijuana in violation of federal law.^[41]

Law enforcement

In November 2007, a California appeals court ruled that "it is not the job of the local police to enforce the federal drug laws." The U.S. Supreme Court denied an appeal by the city of Garden Grove in December 2008, upholding the decision. The case began in June 2005 with a medical marijuana patient from Garden Grove being pulled over by city police and cited for possession of marijuana, despite his immediate display of proper medical marijuana documentation. The charge against him was later dismissed, but the city refused to return his confiscated eight grams of marijuana, even after being instructed by Orange County Superior Court. The Supreme Court ruling affects 13 U.S. states with medical marijuana laws.^[42][43]

Police departments throughout Oregon decline to press charges, or charges have been dropped for possessing and growing marijuana, even for convicted drug dealers. Salem police estimated they received 30 or 40 calls for marijuana activity in 2007 which were not pursued because the grow operations were legal, even one next to a high school. One grower, a previously convicted felon, was found with evidence of making hash oil, which is not protected, though a grand jury did not indict him.^[44]

Thermal imaging searches

Main article: Kyllo v. United States

After a federal agent from the Department of the Interior used a thermal imaging device to determine that Danny Lee Kyllo was using grow lamps to grow marijuana in his Florence, Oregon home, the Supreme Court of the United States determined that the use of a thermal imaging device from a public vantage point to monitor the radiation of heat from a person's home was a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and thus required a warrant. Because the police in this case did not have a warrant, the Court reversed Kyllo's conviction for growing marijuana.

See also

Worldwide summary of cannabis legality

• Alcoholic beverages in Oregon
• Cannabis in the United States
• Controlled substances in Oregon
• History of Oregon
• Legal history of cannabis in the United States
• Politics of Oregon

References

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3. ^ "Oregon marijuana use among highest in U.S.". Portland Business Journal. 2006-04-06. http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2006/04/03/daily33.html. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 
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13. ^ According to the 2007 Seattle Hempfest program, p. 22, "As far as we can tell, it is the biggest pot rally anywhere, and it dwarfs its closest counterpart."
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33. ^ ^{a b c} Saker, Anne (2008-08-10). "Legal pot backer sees pluses for state, businesses". The Oregonian. http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/business/1218165915122730.xml&coll=7. Retrieved 2008-12-26. 
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35. ^ Budnick, Nick (2007-08-03). "Feds strike medical pot growers". Portland Tribune. http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/print_story.php?story_id=118609925649231700. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 
36. ^ "The War on the War on Drugs". The Oregonian. 1998-11-05. http://0-docs.newsbank.com.catalog.multcolib.org/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ORGB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB08B4B262EB702&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D10F2CADB4B24C0. (Registration required)
37. ^ ^{a b} "Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP): About Us". oregon.gov. 2008-07-25. http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/about_us.shtml. Retrieved 2008-12-16. 
38. ^ ^{a b} "Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP): Statistics". oregon.gov. 2008-12-10. http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/ommp/data.shtml. Retrieved 2008-12-16.  Data as of 2009-04-01.
39. ^ "Pot measure fails; gay-marriage ban OK'd". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2004-11-03. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2002080669_ore03m.html. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 
40. ^ Cain, Brad (January 12, 2010). "Ore. ballot measure seeks pot dispensaries". The Washington Post. Washington Post Company. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/12/AR2010011200409.html. Retrieved January 12, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
41. ^ ^{a b c} "Conant v. Walters, C-97-00139-WHA, In the United States District Court for the Northern District of California" (PDF). September 7, 2000. http://www.wamm.org/conant-v-mccaffrey.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-26. 
42. ^ "U.S. Supreme Court: State Medical Marijuana Laws Not Preempted by Federal Law". Salem-News. 2008-12-01. http://www.salem-news.com/articles/december012008/court_ruling_medpot_12-1-08.php. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 
43. ^ Steve Kubby, Director, The American Medical Marijuana Association (2008-12-11). "Federal law DOES NOT trump state laws". Independent Political Report. http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2008/12/kubby-federal-law-does-not-trump-state-laws/. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 
44. ^ Thom Jensen and KATU Web Staff (2007-11-20). "Special Report: Highly legal". KATU. http://www.katu.com/news/specialreports/11651506.html. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 

Further reading

• Schlosser, Eric (2004). Reefer Madness. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 66. ISBN 0618446702. http://books.google.com/books?id=s4FeZmuBAqsC&pg=PA66&dq=oregon+law+marijuana+decriminalize&lr=&ei=MlZISaaBI5CIkASUopngCQ. 

External links

• CNBC Gallery of Medical Marijuana: types, applications, estimated prices for various strains of marijuana

• Cannabis portal
• Oregon portal