Mahogany glider

Mahogany glider[1]
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Diprotodontia
Family:	Petauridae
Genus:	Petaurus
Species:	P. gracilis
Binomial name
Petaurus gracilis (de Vis, 1883)
Mahogany glider range

The mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis) is an endangered gliding possum ^[3] native to a small region of coastal Queensland.

Appearance

A nocturnal^[4] arboreal marsupial, the mahogany glider closely resembles the sugar glider, the squirrel glider and the yellow-bellied glider.^[5], but is noticeably larger than any of its relatives (26.5 cm long and 410g)^[6] and long tail (34–40 cm). The species gets its common name from its mahogany-brown belly and the similar colour of its patagium, or gliding membrane. Unlike related gliders, it has a golden mendulla section^{[clarification needed]}, rather than grey. The tail is covered in short hair, and is black on the underside. ^[3]

These gliders are sexually dimorphic, with the males being larger than the females, although the latter usually have a longer tail in proportion to their body.^[3] In terms of their body length, females are marginally smaller, measuring 23 to 27 centimetres (9.1 to 11 in) compared with the male body length of 23 to 28 centimetres (9.1 to 11 in), but they have a slightly longer tail, measuring 35 to 41 centimetres (14 to 16 in) compared with 34 to 41 centimetres (13 to 16 in) in males. However, despite their similar apparent size, the females, at 310 to 454 grams (11 to 16.0 oz), are much more lightly built than the males, which weigh between 345 and 500 grams (12.2 and 18 oz).^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The mahogany glider is restricted to a very small area, between Ollera Creek south of Ingham and Tully in North Queensland, Australia.^[7] The habitat consists mainly of open forest with many different flowering plants that provide year round food.^[3]

Reproduction

The mahogany glider has a long breeding season with births starting April and ending in October.^[8] Litters consist of one or two young, and are usually born once a year, although a mother can give birth to a second litter if the first is lost before leaving the pouch. The young are weaned at four to five months, and reach sexual maturity at twelve to eighteen months.^[6][8] They have been recorded to live to about five or six years of age.^[4]

Each pair of adults shares some of their dens with offspring from the previous breeding season. These dens are marked and defended from other mahogany gliders. The pairs are usually monogamous, although extra-pair matings have been observed.^[3]

Behaviour and diet

The mahogany glider eats Eucalypt sap and gum, acacia sap and seeds, grass tree sap, pollen, nectar, insects,^{[9][7][10][11]} mistletoe, honeydew, wattle exudates,and at least twenty different tree and shrub species.^[3][6][12]

It is nocturnal, with adults living together in monogamous pairs. In ideal conditions, the combined home range of a pair of animals averages around 23 hectares (57 acres), although this may be smaller in areas of fragmented habitat. Animals travel a considerable distance each night, with 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) being typical; they are generally more mobile in the wet season than in the height of the dry season. During the day, mahogany gliders den in high trees, with poplar gums and forest red gums being especially favoured. Although they are socially monogamous, they do not usually share dens, with each individual having from three to nine dens within its home range.^[4]

In January the time spent outside of the den for travelling and feeding is around 40%, while in September the amount was 77%. This activity was spent mostly at night ranging in a continuous period of 8–10 hours outside.^[13]

Mahogany gliders have been reported to make deep, nasal grunting sounds when travelling at night, and a similar, but much louder and more rapid, alarm call, which has been described as "reminiscent of a lawnmower".^[4] Predators include scrub python, owls, and, in some instances, feral cats.^[4]

Conservation

Mahogany gliders are considered a threatened species due to loss of habitat, with over 80% having been cleared for growing sugar cane, pine trees, and bananas, or for rearing cattle.^[2] The mahogany glider's existence has been further endangered by the devastation to the region by Cyclone Yasi on 3 February 2011.^{[citation needed]}

The mahogany glider was lost to science for over a hundred years, from its first description in 1883, until it was rediscovered in 1989.^[9] In 2000, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service enacted a recovery program for the mahogany glider.^[14] The Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland also has a recovery program for the preservation of gliders, including the mahogany glider.^[15]

References

1. ^ Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 55. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Burnett, S., Winter, J. & Martin, R. (2008). Petaurus gracilis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as endangered
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Recovery of the Threatened Mahogany Glider — Australian Government publication .pdf file
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Jackson, S.M. (2011). "Petaurus gracilis (Diprotodontia: Petauridae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 141-148. doi:10.1644/882.1. 
5. ^ Mahogany Glider - Arkive
6. ^ ^{a b c} Mahogany Glider — Department of Environment, Australian Government
7. ^ ^{a b} Menkhorst, P. and Knight, F. (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press (pp. 94-95). ISBN 0-19-550870-X
8. ^ ^{a b} CSIRO paper WR98044
9. ^ ^{a b} Jones, C. and Parish, S. (2006). Field Guide to Australian Mammals. Steve Parish Publishing Pty. Ltd (pp. 86, 89). ISBN 1-74021-743-8
10. ^ Mahogany Glider - Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland
11. ^ Mahogany Glider - Animal info
12. ^ Cambridge publication
13. ^ Interscience
14. ^ *Mahogany Glider Recovery Plan — Department of Environment and Heritage - Australian Government
15. ^ Gliders in the Spotlight — Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland

Bibliography

• The Australian Faunal Directory
• Van Dyck, S. (1993). The taxonomy and distribution of Petaurus gracilis (Marsupialia: Petauridae), with notes on its ecology and distribution status, Mem. Queensland Museum 33: 77-122
• Van Dyck, S. (1995). Mahogany Glider Petaurus gracilis. pp. 232–233 in Strahan, R. (ed.) The Mammals of Australia. The National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife. Sydney: Reed New Holland 2nd Edition 756 pp.
• Jackson, S.J. (2000). Home range and den use of the Mahogany Glider (Petaurus gracilis). Wildlife Research 27: 49-60.
• Tisdell, C., Wilson, C. and Swarna Nantha, H. (2005). Policies for saving a rare Australian glider: economics and ecology. Biological Conservation 123(2): 237-248.
• Cronin, Leonard — "Key Guide to Australian Mammals", published by Reed Books Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1991 ISBN 0 7301 03552
• van der Beld, John — "Nature of Australia — A portrait of the island continent", co-published by William Collins Pty. Ltd. and ABC Enterprises for the Australian Boadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 1988 (revised edition 1992), ISBN 0 7333 0241 6
• Russell, Rupert — "Spotlight on Possums", published by University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1980, ISBN 0 7022 14787
• Troughton, Ellis — "Furred Animals of Australia", published by Angus and Robertson (Publishers) Pty. Ltd, Sydney, in 1941 (revised edition 1973), ISBN 0 207 12256 3
• Morcombe, Michael & Irene — "Mammals of Australia", published by Australian Universities Press Pty. Ltd, Sydney, 1974, ISBN 0 7249 00179
• Ride, W. D. L. — "A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia", published by Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1970, ISBN 19 550252 3
• Serventy, Vincent — "Wildlife of Australia", published by Thomas Nelson (Australia) Ltd., Melbourne, 1968 (revised edition 1977), ISBN 0 17 005168 4
• Serventy, Vincent (editor) — "Australia's Wildlife Heritage", published by Paul Hamlyn Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1975