Dracaena cinnabari

Dracaena cinnabari
Dracaena cinnabari at Dixsam plateau
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
clade:	Angiosperms
clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Asparagaceae
Subfamily:	Nolinoideae
Genus:	Dracaena
Species:	D. cinnabari
Binomial name
Dracaena cinnabari Balf.f.

Dracaena cinnabari, the Socotra Dragon Tree or Dragon Blood Tree, is a Dragon Tree native to the Socotra archipelago in the Indian Ocean. It is so called due to the red sap that the trees produce.^[2]

Taxonomy

The first description of D. cinnabari was made during a survey of Socotra led by Lieutenant Wellsted of the East India Company in 1835. It was first named Pterocarpus draco, but in 1880, the Scottish botanist Isaac Bayley Balfour made a formal description of the species and renamed it as Dracaena cinnabari.^[3] Of between 60 and 100 Dracaena species, D. cinnabari is one of only 6 species which grows as a tree.^[4]

Description

Dracaena cinnabari in the Koko Crater Botanical Garden, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

The Dragon blood tree is arguably the most famous and distinctive plant of the island of Socotra. It has a unique and strange appearance, described as "upturned, densely -packed crown having the shape of an upside-down umbrella". This evergreen species is named after its dark red resin, that is known as "dragon's blood".^{[citation needed]}

Unlike most monocot plants, the Dracaenaceae display secondary growth, D. cinnabari even has growth zones resembling tree rings found in dicot tree species. Along with other arborescent Dracaena species it has a distinctive growth habit called ‘Dracoid habitus’^{[citation needed]}. Its leaves are only found at the end of its youngest branches, their leaves are all shed every 3 or 4 years before new leaves simultaneously mature. Branching tends to occur when the growth of the terminal bud is stopped, either due to flowering or traumatic events (e.g. herbivory).^[4]

Its fruits are small fleshy berries containing between 1 and 3 seeds. As they develop they turn from green to black and then become orange once they are ripe. The berries are eaten by birds (e.g. Onychognatus species) and thereby dispersed. The seeds are between 4mm and 5mm in diameter and weigh on average 68 mg.^[4] The berries exude a deep red resin, known as dragon’s blood.^[5]

Like other monocotyledons, such as palms, the dragon’s blood tree grows from the tip of the stem, with the long, stiff leaves borne in dense rosettes at the end (4, 5, 7). It branches at maturity to produce an umbrella shaped crown, with leaves that measure up to 60 centimeters long and 3 centimeters wide. The trunk and the branches of the Dragon blood are thick and stout and display dichotomous branching, where each of the branches repeatedly divide in two sections.

Biology

The dragon's blood tree usually produces its flowers around February, though flowering does vary with location. The flowers tend to grow at the end of the branches. The flowers have inflorescences, and they bear small clusters of fragrant, white or green flowers. The fruits take five months to completely mature. The fruits are described as a fleshy berry, which changes from green to black as it gradually ripens. The fleshy berry fruit ends up being an orange-red color that contains one to three seeds. The berries are usually eaten and dispersed by birds and other animals.

The unusual shape of the dragon's blood tree is an adaptation for survival in arid conditions with low amounts of soil, such as in mountaintops. The large, packed crown provides shade and reduces evaporation. This shade also allows aids in the survival of seedlings growing beneath the adult tree, explaining why the trees tend to grow closer together.

Evolution

Along with other plants on Socotra, D. cinnabari is thought to have derived from the Tethyan flora. It is considered a remnant of the Mio-Pliocene Laurasian subtropical forests that are now almost extinct due to the extensive desertification of North Africa.^[6]

Uses

Dragon's blood is used as a stimulant and abortifacient .^[7] The root yields a gum-resin, used in gargle water as a stimulant, astringent and in toothpaste. The root is used in rheumatism, the leaves are a carminative.^[8]

Dragon's blood, powdered pigment or apothecary's grade, and roughly crushed incense

The trees can be harvested for their crimson red resin, called Dragon's blood which was highly prized in the ancient world and is still used today. Around the Mediterranean basin it is used as a dye and as a medicine, Socotrans use it ornamentally as well as dying wool, gluing pottery, a breath freshener and lipstick. Because of the belief that it is the blood of the dragon it is also used in ritual magic and alchemy. In 1883, the Scottish botanist, Isaac Bayley Balfour identified three grades of resin; the most valuable were tear-like in appearance, then a mixture of small chips and fragments, with a mixture of fragments and debris being the cheapest.^[3] The resin of D. cinnabari is thought to have been the original source of dragons blood until during the mediaeval and renaissance periods when other plants were used instead.^[9]

The local inhabitants of the city in the Socotra Island use the Dragon's blood resin as a cure-all. They use it in general wound healing, as a coagulant, cure for diarrhea, for dysentery diseases, for lowering fevers. It is also taken for ulcers in the mouth, throat, intestines and stomach.

Dragon's blood of Dracaena cinnabari was used as a source of varnish for 18th century Italian violin-makers. It was also used as tooth-paste in the 18th century. It is currently still used as varnish for violins and for photoengraving.

Threats

A map of the Socotra archipelago

Although most of its ecological habitats are still intact, there is an increasing population with industrial and tourism development. This is putting more pressure on the vegetation through the process of logging, overgrazing, woodcutting and infrastructure of development plans. Though the dragon’s blood tree is highly widespread, it has become fragmented due to the development that has occurred in its habitats. Many of its populations are suffering due to poor regeneration. Human activities have greatly reduced the dragon’s blood population through overgrazing, and feeding the flowers and fruits to the livestock of the island. One of the species' greatest threats is the gradual drying out of the Socotra Archipelago, which has been an ongoing process for the last few hundred years. This has resulted in non flourishing trees, and the duration of the mist and cloud around the area seems to also be decreasing. Increasing arid environments is predicted to cause a 45 percent reduction in the available habitat for Dracaena cinnabari by the year 2080.

Additional threats to the dragon's blood tree include harvesting of its resin and use of the leaves to make rope. Presently some of the dragon’s blood trees have been used to make beehives. This was generally prohibited; this displays how the species may be threatened by a breakdown in the traditional practices of the island.

Conservation

The unique flora and fauna of the Socotra Archipelago is considered a World Heritage Site a Global 200 Ecoregion. It is a Center of Plant Diversity and an Endemic Bird Area. It also lies within the Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot. There are multiple efforts that are being developed to help create and support a sustainable habitat and biodiversity management programs on Socotra. The dragon’s blood tree is considered as an important species for commodity and for conservation efforts on the island. The dragon’s blood falls under an umbrella species. This is a species selected for making conservation related decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat. Species conservation can be subjective because it is difficult to determine the status of many species. Thus, the dragons blood protection efforts would also benefit many other plants and animals within the area.

The dragon's blood tree is given some protection from international commercial trade under the listing of all Dracaena species on Appendix II of CITES (3), but if its populations are to be effectively preserved, a variety of measures will need to be taken. These include urgent monitoring of the species' natural regeneration and the expansion of Skund Nature Sanctuary to cover important areas of the habitats. Also, efforts on avoiding road construction in the dragon blood’s habitat, and limit grazing need to be brought to attention. Additional conservation efforts for the tree involve fencing against livestock, watering of seedlings in open areas, and involving local communities in planting seedlings.

References

• 1.IUCN Red List (March, 2010) [2]
• 2.Eggli, U. (2001) Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• 3.CITES (March, 2010) [3]
• 4.Pearson, J. (2002) Dragons blood. The Horticulturalist, 11(2): 10-12.
• 5.Socotra Governance and Biodiversity Project (March, 2010) [4]
• 6.Attorre, F., Francesconi, F., Taleb, N., Scholte, P., Saed, A., Alfo, M. and Bruno, F. (2007) Will dragonblood survive the next period of climate change? Current and future potential distribution of Dracaena cinnabari (Socotra, Yemen). Biological Conservation, 138: 430-439.
• 7.Heywood, V.H. (1978) Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• 8.Gupta, D., Bleakley, B. and Gupta, R.K. (2008) Dragon’s blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115: 361-380.
• 9.UNEP-WCMC: Socotra Archipelago, Yemen (March, 2010) ^[10]

References

1. ^ Miller, A. (2004). "Dracaena cinnabari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/30428. Retrieved 26 November 2010. 
2. ^ Becky Chung (2009-11-04). "World's Most Unique Places To Visit". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/04/unique-vacations-travel-lifestyle-travel-adventure-tourism.html. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Gupta, D.; Bleakley, B.; Gupta, R. (2008). "Dragon's blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses". Journal of ethnopharmacology 115 (3): 361–380. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.018. PMID 18060708.  edit
4. ^ ^{a b c} Adolt, R.; Pavlis, J. (2004). "Age structure and growth of Dracaena cinnabari populations on Socotra". Trees - Structure and Function 18: 43. doi:10.1007/s00468-003-0279-6.  edit
5. ^ Edward, H. (2001). "Raman spectroscopy of coloured resins used in antiquity: dragon's blood and related substances". Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 57 (14): 2831–2842. Bibcode 2001AcSpA..57.2831E. doi:10.1016/S1386-1425(01)00602-3.  edit
6. ^ Attorre, F.; Francesconi, F.; Taleb, N.; Scholte, P.; Saed, A.; Alfo, M.; Bruno, F. (2007). "Will dragonblood survive the next period of climate change? Current and future potential distribution of Dracaena cinnabari (Socotra, Yemen)". Biological Conservation 138 (3–4): 430. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.05.009.  edit
7. ^ Handbook of Medicinal Herbs http://books.google.com/books?id=8AJkBmPDRUUC&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=dragon's+blood+abortion&source=bl&ots=MKL2zg0nGD&sig=xEJSBCupdoOG_MUgMWJePePfYvY&hl=en&ei=-vX_TL7NItLSngf4r8zlDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dragon's%20blood%20abortion&f=false
8. ^ Indian Medicinal Plants: An ... - Google Books
9. ^ Edwards, H. G. M.; De Oliveira, L. F. C.; Prendergast, H. D. V. (2004). "Raman spectroscopic analysis of dragon's blood resins?basis for distinguishing between Dracaena (Convallariaceae), Daemonorops (Palmae) and Croton (Euphorbiaceae)". The Analyst 129: 134. Bibcode 2004Ana...129..134E. doi:10.1039/b311072a.  edit
10. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}

External links

• Dracaena cinnabari (Dragon's Blood Tree)