Abbey of Saint Gall

Convent of St Gall *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Country	Switzerland
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv
Reference	268
Region **	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1983 (7th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

The Abbey of Saint Gall (German: Fürstabtei Sankt Gallen) is a religious complex in the city of St. Gallen in present-day Switzerland. The Carolingian-era Abbey has existed since 719 and became an independent principality during the 13th century, and was for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe. It was founded by Saint Othmar on the spot where Saint Gall had erected his hermitage. The library at the Abbey is one of the richest medieval libraries in the world.^[1] Since 1983 it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History

Foundation

Around 613 an Irish monk named Gallus, a disciple and companion of Saint Columbanus, established a hermitage on the site that would become the Abbey. He lived in his cell until his death in 646.^[2]

Following Gallus' death, Charles Martel appointed Othmar as custodian of St Gall's relics. During the reign of Pepin the Short, in the 8th Century, Othmar founded the Carolingian style Abbey of St. Gall, where arts, letters and sciences flourished. Several different dates are given for the foundation of the Abbey, including 719,^[3] 720,^[4] 747^[5] and the middle of the 8th century.^[6] Under Abbot Waldo of Reichenau (740–814) copying of manuscripts was undertaken and a famous library was gathered. Numerous Anglo-Saxon and Irish monks came to copy manuscripts. At Charlemagne's request Pope Adrian I sent distinguished chanters from Rome, who propagated the use of the Gregorian chant.

In the subsequent century, St. Gall came into conflict with the nearby Bishopric of Constance which had recently acquired jurisdiction over the Abbey of Reichenau on Lake Constance. It was not until King Louis the Pious (ruled 814–840) confirmed the independence of the Abbey, that this conflict ceased.^[2] From this time until the 10th century, the Abbey flourished. It was home to several famous scholars, including Notker of Liège, Notker the Stammerer, Notker Labeo and Hartker (who developed the antiphonal liturgical books for the Abbey). During the 9th century a new, larger church was built and the library was expanded. Manuscripts on a wide variety of topics were purchased by the Abbey and copies were made. Over 400 manuscripts from this time have survived and are still in the library today.^[2]

Between 924 and 933 the Magyars threatened the abbey and the books had to be removed to Reichenau for safety. Not all the books were returned. In 937 the Abbey was almost completely destroyed in a fire; the library was undamaged, however. About 954 the monastery and buildings were surrounded by a wall to protect the abbey,^[7] and the town grew up around these walls.

Under the Prince-Abbots

Imperial Abbey of Saint Gall Fürstabtei Sankt Gallen
Imperial Abbey of the Holy Roman Empire
← 1207–1798 →
Coat of arms
The Imperial Abbey shown in green and pink on this map of the lands of the canton of St Gallen
Capital	St Gallen
Government	Principality
Historical era	Middle Ages
- Abbey founded	719
- Gained Reichsfreiheit	1207
- Became Swiss protectorate	August 17, 1451
- Pillaged by the Swiss	1712
- Secularised to Helv. Rep.     canton of Säntis	→ 1798
- Helv. Rep. collapsed;     city and abbey joined Swiss     canton of St. Gallen	→ 1803

In the 13th century, the abbey and the town became an independent principality, over which the abbots ruled as territorial sovereigns ranking as Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. As the Abbey became more involved in local politics, it entered a period of decline.^[2] During the 14th century "Humanists^[2]" were allowed to carry off some of the rare texts.

In the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the farmers of the Abbot's personal estates (known as Appenzell, from Latin: abbatis cella meaning "cell (i.e. estate) of the abbot) began seeking independence. In 1401, the first of the Appenzell Wars broke out, and following the Appenzell victory at Stoss in 1405 they became allies of the Swiss Confederation in 1411. During the Appenzell Wars, the town of St. Gallen often sided with Appenzell against the Abbey. So when Appenzell allied with the Swiss, the town of St. Gallen followed just a few months later.^[7] The abbot became an ally of several members of the Swiss Confederation (Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus) in 1451. While both Appenzell and St. Gallen became full members of the Swiss Confederation in 1454. Then, in 1457 the town of St Gallen became officially free from the Abbot.^[7]

In 1468 the abbot, Ulrich Rösch, bought the county of Toggenburg from the representatives of its counts, after the family died out in 1436. In 1487 he built a monastery at Rorschach on Lake Constance,to which he planned to move. However, he encountered stiff resistance from the St. Gallen citizenry, other clerics, and the Appenzell nobility in the Rhine Valley who were concerned about their holdings. The town of St Gallen wanted to restrict the increase of power in the abbey and simultaneously increase the power of the town. The mayor of St. Gallen, Ulrich Varnbüler, established contact with farmers and Appenzell residents (led by the fanatical Hermann Schwendiner) who were seeking an opportunity to weaken the abbot. Initially, he protested to the abbot and the representatives of the four sponsoring Confederate cantons (Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz, and Glarus) against the construction of the new abbey in Rorschach. Then on July 28, 1489 he had armed troops from St. Gallen and Appenzell destroy the buildings already under construction.^[7] When the abbot complained to the Confederates about the damages and demanded full compensation, Varnbüler responded with a counter suit and in cooperation with Schwendiner rejected the arbitration efforts of the non-partisan Confederates. He motivated the clerics from Wil to Rorschach to discard their loyalty to the Abbey and spoke against the Abbey at the town meeting at Waldkirch, where the popular league was formed. He was confident that the four sponsoring cantons would not intervene with force, due to the prevailing tensions between the Confederation and the Swabian League. He was strengthened in his resolve by the fact that the people of St. Gallen elected him again to the highest magistrate in 1490.

An associate of the Swiss Confederation

However, in early 1490 the four cantons decided to carry out their duty to the Abbey and to invade the St. Gallen canton with an armed force. The people of Appenzell and the local clerics submitted to this force without noteworthy resistance, while the city of St. Gallen braced for a fight to the finish. However, when they learned that their compatriots had given up the fight, they lost confidence; the end result was that they concluded a peace pact that greatly restricted the city's powers and burdened the city with serious penalties and reparations payments. Varnbüler and Schwendiner fled to the court of King Maximilian and lost all their property in St. Gallen and Appenzell. However, the Abbot's reliance on the Swiss to support him reduced his position almost to that of a "subject district"^[7]

The town adopted the Reformation in 1524, while the Abbey remained Catholic, which damaged relations between the town and Abbey. Both the Abbot and a representative of the town were admitted to the Swiss Tagsatzung or Diet as the closest associates of the Confederation.^[7]

In the 16th Century the Abbey was raided by Calvinist groups, which scattered many of the old books.^[2] In 1530, Abbot Diethelm began a restoration that stopped the decline and led to an expansion of the schools and library.

The interior of the Cathedral is one of the most important baroque monuments in Switzerland

Under abbot Pius (1630–74) a printing press was started. In 1712 during the Toggenburg war, also called the second war of Villmergen, the Abbey of St. Gall was pillaged by the Swiss. They took most of the books and manuscripts to Zürich and Bern. For security, the Abbey was forced to request the protection of the townspeople of St. Gallen. Until 1457 the townspeople had been serfs of the Abbey, but they had grown in power until they were protecting the Abbey.

End of the Prince-Abbots

Following the disturbances, the Abbey was still the largest religious city-state in Switzerland, with over 77,000 inhabitants.^[8] A final attempt to expand the Abbey resulted in the demolition of most of the medieval monastery. The new structures, including the cathedral, were designed in the late Baroque style and constructed between 1755 and 1768. The large and ornate new Abbey did not remain a monastery for very long. In 1798 the Prince-Abbot's secular power was suppressed, and the Abbey was secularized. The monks were driven out and moved into other abbeys. The Abbey became a separate See in 1846, with the Abbey church as its cathedral and a portion of the monastic buildings for the bishop.

Cultural treasures

The Plan of St Gall, the only surviving major architectural drawing from the High Middle Ages

The diagram version of the Plan

The Abbey library of Saint Gall is recognised as one of the richest medieval libraries in the world. It is home to one of the most comprehensive collections of early medieval books in the German-speaking part of Europe. As of 2005, the library consists of over 160,000 books, of which 2100 are handwritten. Nearly half of the handwritten books are from the Middle Ages and 400 are over 1000 years old.^[1] Lately the Stiftsbibliothek has launched a project for the digitisation of the priceless manuscript collection, which currently (April 2008) contains 144^[1] documents that are available on the Codices Electronici Sangallenses webpage.

The library interior is exquisitely realised in the Rococo style with carved polished wood, stucco and paint used to achieve its overall effect. It was designed by the architect Peter Thumb and is open to the public. In addition it holds exhibitions as well as concerts and other events.^[9]

One of the more interesting documents in the Stiftsbibliotheck is a copy of Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae which contains the poem Is acher in gaíth in-nocht... written in Old Irish.

The library also preserves a unique 9th-century document, known as the Plan of St. Gall, the only surviving major architectural drawing from the roughly 700-year period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 13th century. The Plan drawn was never actually built, and was so named because it was kept at the famous medieval monastery library, where it remains to this day. The plan was an ideal of what a well-designed and well-supplied monastery should have, as envisioned by one of the synods held at Aachen for the reform of monasticism in the Frankish empire during the early years of emperor Louis the Pious (between 814 and 817).

A late 9th-century drawing of St. Paul lecturing an agitated crowd of Jews and gentiles, part of a copy of a Pauline epistles produced at and still held by the monastery, was included in a medieval-drawing show at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York the summer of 2009. A reviewer noted that the artist had "a special talent for depicting hair, ... with the saint's beard ending in curling droplets of ink."^[10]

In 1983, the Convent of St. Gall was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "a perfect example of a great Carolingian monastery".^[11]

See also

• List of Carolingian monasteries
• Carolingian architecture
• Carolingian art
• Carolingian dynasty
• Carolingian Empire
• Carolingian Renaissance

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Codices Electronici Sangallenses-Description
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f}  "Abbey of St. Gall". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
3. ^ St. Gallen (Prince-Abbot) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
4. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica online accessed 1 March 2011
5. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Listing for the Convent of St Gall
6. ^  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "St. Gall". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=U4AoYvJG7LAC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "St Gall". The Encyclopaedia Britannica. 24. New York: The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. 1911. pp. 4. http://books.google.com/books?id=U4AoYvJG7LAC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0#PPA4,M1. Retrieved 2008-11-15. 
8. ^ Religious/Secular Land Holders in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
9. ^ St. Gall Library website (limited English information) (German)
10. ^ "Those Medieval Monks Could Draw" Review by Roberta Smith, The New York Times, June 18, 2009 (6/19/09, p. C25 of the NY ed.). Retrieved 6/19/09. "Pen and Parchment: Drawing in the Middle Ages" runs through August 23, 2009.
11. ^ UNESCO website accessed 30 December 2009

Resources

• Walter William Horn's Papers Regarding The Plan of St. Gall : production materials, 1967–1979 are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries

External links

•  "Abbey of St. Gall". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
• Stiftsbibliothek Sankt Gallen
• Codices Electronici Sangallenses — project for the digitisation of the medieval manuscripts at Sankt Gallen
• St Gall Plan - presents a digitised version of the St Gall Plan, and zoomable reproductions of Carolingian manuscripts from St Gall.
• UNESCO World Heritage Listing for the Convent of St Gall

Coordinates: 47°25′23″N 9°22′38″E / 47.42306°N 9.37722°E / 47.42306; 9.37722