Heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire

The Quarter Eagle, hand-coloured woodcut (c. 1510) by Hans Burgkmair. One rendition of the coat of the country was the "Quaternion Eagle" printed by David de Negker of Augsburg, after a 1510 woodcut by Hans Burgkmair. It showed a selection of 56 shields of various Imperial States in groups of four on the feathers of a double-headed eagle supporting, in place of a shield, Christ on the Cross. The top, larger shields, are those of the seven Prince Electors, the ecclesiastical: Trier, Cologne and Mainz as well as of the titular "Prefect of Rome" on the right wing; the secular: Bohemia, Palatinate, Saxony and Brandenburg on the left. The depiction also appeared on the Imperial Eagle beaker.

Over its long history, the Holy Roman Empire used many different heraldic forms, representing its numerous internal divisions.

Holy Roman Emperors

Further information: Reichsadler

Further information: List of German monarchs

Starting with Albert II (reigned 1438–39), each Emperor bore arms with an inescutcheon of his personal arms on the torso of a two-headed eagle. (Before 1438 the Emperors would have both a personal and an imperial coat of arms.) The arms of the High Offices of the Empire were borne as an augmentation to the office-holder's personal arms.

Personal arms	Imperial arms	Name/Blazon of personal arms
		Hohenstaufen 1138-1152 : Conrad III (1093 † 1152) 1152-1190 : Frederick I (1123 † 1190), crowned in 1155 1190-1197 : Henry VI (1165 † 1197), crowned in 1191 Or, three lions passant in pale sable.
		1198-1218 : Otto IV of Brunswick (1174 † 1218), crowned in 1209 Gules, two lions passant guardant Or.
		1212-1250 : Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (1194 † 1250), crowned in 1220 1250-1254 : Conrad IV of Hohenstaufen (1228 † 1254) Or, three lions passant in pale sable.
		1273-1291 : Rudolph I of Habsburg (1218 † 1291) Or, a lion rampant gules, armed, langued, and crowned azure.
		1292-1298 : Adolf of Nassau (1250 † 1298) Azure, billetty a lion rampant with a closed crown Or, armed and langued gules.
		1298-1308 : Albert I of Habsburg (1248 † 1308) Gules a fess argent.
		1308-1313 : Henry VII of Luxembourg (1275 † 1313), crowned in 1312 Barry of ten argent and azure, a lion rampant gules, crowned Or.
		1314-1347 : Louis IV of Bavaria (1286 † 1347), crowned in 1328 Fusilly bendwise argent and azure.
		1348-1378 : Charles IV of Luxembourg (1316 † 1378), crowned in 1355 1378-1400 : Wenceslaus of Luxembourg (1361 † 1419) Gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or.
		1400-1410 : Rupert of Wittelsbach (1352 † 1410) Quarterly, I and IV fusilly bendwise argent and azure (for Bavaria); II and III sable a lion rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules (for the Electoral Palatinate).
		1411-1437 : Sigismund of Luxembourg (1368 † 1437), crowned in 1433 Quarterly, I and IV gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); II and III barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary).
		1437-1438 : Albert II of Habsburg (1397 † 1439) Gules a fess argent.
		1440-1493 : Frederick III of Styria (1415 † 1493), crowned in 1452 Gules a fess argent.
		1493-1519 : Maximilian I of Habsburg (1459 † 1519), crowned in 1508 Per pale, dexter gules a fess argent (for Austria); sinister bendy of six Or and azure, a bordure gules (for the French Duchy of Burgundy).
		1519-1556 : Charles V of Habsburg (1500 † 1558), crowned in 1519 Main article: Coat of arms of Charles I of Spain Quarterly: I and IV grand-quarterly i and iv great-grand-quarterly 1 and 4 gules a three towered castle Or masoned sable and ajouré azure (for Castile), 2 and 3 argent a lion rampant purpure crowned Or langued and armed gules (for Leon), ii per pale, dexter per fess, in chief Or four pallets gules (for Aragon), in base gules a cross, saltire, and orle of chains linked together Or and a centre point vert (for Navarre), sinister argent a cross potent and four crosslets Or (for Jerusalem) impaling barry of eight gules and argent (for Hungary), iii per pale, dexter per fess, in chief Or four pallets gules (for Aragon), in base gules a cross, saltire, and orle of chains linked together Or and a centre point vert (for Navarre), sinister per saltire, 1 and 4 Or four pallets gules, 2 and 3 argent an eagle displayed sable (for Sicily); II and III grand-quarterly, i gules a fess argent (for Austria), ii azure semy-de-lis Or a bordure compony argent and gules (new Burgundy), iii bendy of six Or and azure a bordure gules (old Burgundy), iv sable a lion rampant Or langued and armed gules (for Brabant), overall at the fess point of the quarter an inescutcheon Or a lion rampant sable armed and langued gules (for Flanders) impaling argent an eagle displayed gules, armed, beaked, and langued Or (for Tyrol); enté en point argent a pomegranate proper seeded gules, supported, sculpted and slipped vert (for Granada).
		1558-1564 : Ferdinand I of Habsburg (1503 † 1564), Emperor 1554-1576 : Maximilian II of Habsburg (1527 † 1576), Emperor Quarterly, I and IV gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); II and III barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary); overall and inescutcheon per pale, dexter gules a fess argent (for Austria), sinister bendy of six Or and azure, a bordure gules (for Burgundy).
		1576-1611 : Rudolf II of Habsburg (1552 † 1612), Emperor 1612-1619 : Matthias of Habsburg (1557 † 1619), Emperor 1619-1637 : Ferdinand II of Habsburg (1578 † 1637), Emperor Quarterly, I gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); II barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary); III per pale, dexter gules a fess argent (for Austria), sinister bendy of six Or and azure, a bordure gules (for Burgundy); IV grand-quarterly i and iv gules a three-towered castle Or (for Castile), ii and iii argent a lion rampant purpure armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Leon).
		1637-1657 : Ferdinand III of Habsburg (1608 † 1657), Emperor 1653-1654 : Ferdinand IV of Habsburg (1633 † 1654) Quarterly, I gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); II barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary); III grand-quarterly, i and iv gules a three-towered castle Or (for Castile), ii and iii argent a lion rampant purpure armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Leon); IV per pale, dexter bendy of six Or and azure a bordure gules (for Burgundy), sinister per fess, chief argent an eagle displayed gules armed, langued, and beaked Or (for Tyrol), and base Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules (for Flanders); overall an inescutcheon gules a fess argent (for Austria).
		1657-1705 : Leopold I of Habsburg (1640 † 1705), Emperor Quarterly, I barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary); II gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); III per pale, dexter gules a fess argent (for Austria), sinister bendy of six Or and azure, a bordure gules (for Burgundy); IV grand-quarterly i and iv gules a three-towered castle Or (for Castile), ii and iii argent a lion rampant purpure armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Leon).
		1705-1711 : Joseph I of Habsburg (1678 † 1711), Emperor Quarterly, I and IV gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); II and III barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary); overall and inescutcheon per pale, dexter gules a fess argent (for Austria), sinister bendy of six Or and azure, a bordure gules (for Burgundy).
		1711-1740 : Charles VI of Habsburg (1685 † 1740), Emperor Quarterly, I gules a three-towered castle Or (for Castile); II barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary); III per pale, dexter Or four pallets gules (for Aragon), sinister per saltire i and iv Or four pallets gules, ii and iii argent an eagle displayed sable (for Sicily); IV per pale, dexter gules a fess argent (for Austria), sinister bendy of six Or and azure a bordure gules (for Burgundy); overall an inescutcheon gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia).
		1742-1745 : Charles VII of Bavaria (1697 † 1745), Emperor Quarterly, I and IV fusilly bendwise argent and azure (for Bavaria); II and III sable a lion rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules (for the Electoral Palatinate); overall an inescutcheon gules an orb Or (for Arch-Steward of the Holy Roman Empire).
		1745-1765 : Francis I of Habsburg-Lorraine (1708 † 1765), Emperor Quarterly, I barry of eight gules and argent (for Hungary) impaling azure semy-de-lis Or a label gules (for Naples); II argent a cross potent and four crosslets Or (for Jerusalem) impaling Or four pallets gules (for Aragon); III azure semy-de-lis Or a bordure gules (for the House of Valois-Anjou) impaling azure a lion sinister rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules (for Guelders); IV Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules (for Jülich) impaling azure crusilly fitchy, two barbels haurient addorsed Or (for Bar); overall an inescutcheon Or a bend gules three alerions argent (for Lorraine) impaling Or, in annulo six torteaux, the torteau in chief replaced by a roundel azure charged with three fleurs-de-lis Or (for the Medici family).
		1765-1790 : Joseph II of Habsburg-Lorraine (1741 † 1790), Emperor Quarterly, I barry of eight, gules and argent, impaling gules a patriarchal cross argent on a trimount vert (for Hungary); II gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); III bendy of six Or and azure, a bordure gules (for Burgundy); IV Or, in annulo six torteaux, the torteau in chief replaced by a roundel azure charged with three fleurs-de-lis Or (for the Medici family); overall and inescutcheon gules a fess argent (for Austria) impaling Or a bend gules three alerions argent (for Lorraine).
		1790-1792 : Leopold II of Habsburg-Lorraine (1747 † 1792), King of Bohemia and Hungary, Emperor 1792-1804 : Francis II of Habsburg-Lorraine (1768 † 1835), King of Bohemia and Hungary, Emperor of the Germans, Emperor of Austria Quarterly, I barry of eight, gules and argent, impaling gules a patriarchal cross argent on a tri-mount vert (for Hungary); II gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); III bendy of six Or and azure, a bordure gules (for Burgundy); IV azure crusilly fitchy, two barbels haurient addorsed Or (for Bar); overall an inescutcheon per pale, dexter Or a bend gules three alerions argent (for Lorraine), sinister Or, in annulo six torteaux, the torteau in chief replaced by a roundel azure charged with three fleurs-de-lis Or (for the Medici family), overall on a pale gules a fess argent (for Austria).

Princes-electors

High offices (Reichserzämter)

Arms	Office and Blazon
	Arch-Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Empire Azure a sceptre Or. Azure two sceptres in saltire Or.
	Arch-Steward of the Holy Roman Empire Gules, an orb Or.
	Arch-Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire Gules, the crown of Charlemagne proper.
	Arch-Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire Per fess sable and argent, two swords in saltire gules.

Electors

Arms	Electorate/Blazon
	Bavaria (1623) Fusilly bendwise argent and azure.
	Bohemia Gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or.[1]
	Brandenburg Argent an eagle displayed gules crowned Or.
	Cologne Argent a cross sable.[2]
	Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) (1692) Per pale, I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg). After 1714: Laid on Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom.
	Mainz Gules, a wheel with six spokes argent.[3][2]
	Electoral Palatinate Before 1214: Sable a lion rampant Or crowned gules. After 1214: Quarterly, I and IV fusilly bendwise argent and azure (for Bavaria); II and III sable a lion rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules.[4]
	Saxony Barry sable and Or, a crancelin vert.
	Trier Argent a cross gules.[2]

Other states

Further information: List of Free Imperial Cities and List of Imperial abbeys

Listed by Imperial Circle (introduced 1500, 1512).

Austrian Circle

Arms	Location/Blazon
	Austria Gules a fess argent.
	Carinthia Or three lions passant sable armed and langued gules impaling gules a fess argent.
	Carniola Argent an eagle displayed azure, armed, beaked, and langued gules, charged with a crescent chequy gules and Or.
	Friuli Azure an eagle displayed Or.
	Styria Vert, a panther rampant argent incensed proper.
	Tyrol Argent an eagle displayed gules, armed, beaked, and langued Or.

Bavarian Circle

Arms	Location and blazon
	Bavaria Simple form: Fusily bendwise, azure and argent. Electorate, from 1753: Quarterly: fusily bendwise azure and argent; and sable, a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules (for the Electoral Palatinate); with an escutcheon: gules, an orb Or.
	Haag Gules, a horse springing argent, bridled argent.
	Leuchtenberg Quarterly: I and IV gules, an oak branch with acorns Or; II and III Or, a hops branch vert; an inescutcheon argent a fess azure.
	Ortenburg Gules, a bend embattled-counter-embattled argent
	Passau Argent a wolf gules
	Regensburg Gules, two keys in saltire argent.
	Salzburg Party per pale: Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules; and gules a fess argent.

Burgundian Circle

Arms	Location/Blazon
	County of Burgundy Before 1280: Gules an eagle displayed argent. After 1280: Azure billetty Or a lion rampant of the same, armed and langued gules.
	Brabant Before 1288: Sable a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules. From 1288 to 1406: Quarterly, I and IV sable a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules; II and III argent a lion rampant gules, queue fourchée, armed and langued Or. From 1406 to 1430: Quarterly, I and IV azure three fleur-de-lis Or, a bordure compony argent and gules; II sable a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules; III argent a lion rampant gules, queue fourchée, armed and langued Or.
	Flanders Or a lion rampant sable.
	Guelders Before 1236: Or three cinquefoils gules. From 1236 to 1276: Azure billetty Or a lion rampant of the same. From 1276 to 1378: Azure a lion rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules. After 1378: Azure a lion sinister rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules, impaling Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules.
	Hainaut Before 1299: Chevronny Or and sable. From 1299 to 1254: Quarterly, I and IV Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules; II and III Or a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure. From 1254 to 1433: Quarterly, I and IV fusilly bendwise argent and azure; II and III grand-quarterly I and IV Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules; II and III Or a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure.
	Holland Or a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure.
	Limburg Before 1214: Argent a lion rampant gules, armed and langued Or. After 1214: Argent a lion rampant gules, queue fourchée, armed, langued, and crowned Or.
	Loon and Chiny Counts of Loon: Barry of ten, Or and gules. Counts of Chiny: Gules crusily fitchy, two barbels haurient addorsed Or. Counts of Loon and Chiny: Barry of ten Or and gules, impaling gules crusily fitchy, two barbels haurient addorsed Or. Counts of Loon and Chiny of the Heinsberg dynasty: Quarterly, I and IV gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire; II and III barry of ten Or and gules impaling gules crusily fitchy two barbels haurient addorsed Or. Counts of Loon and Chiny of the Montferrat-Oreye dynasty: Quarterly, I and IV argent a lion rampant sable; II and III barry of ten Or and gules impaling gules crusily fitchy two barbels haurient addorsed Or.
	Luxembourg Until 1282 and after 1288: Barry of ten argent and azure, a lion rampant gules, armed, langued, and crowned Or. From 1282 to 1288: Barry of ten argent and azure, a lion rampant queue fourchée crossed in saltire gules, armed, langued, and crowned Or. Main article: Coat of arms of Luxembourg
	Namur Or, a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules, a bend overall of the same.

Franconian Circle

Arms	Location and blazon
	Bamberg Or, a lion rampant armed and langued gules, overall a ribband argent.
	Castell Quarterly, argent and gules.
	Erbach Party per fess gules and argent, three six-pointed mullets counterchanged.
	Hausen Party per fess, in chief Or, a demi-waterwheel sable; in base per pale, dexter per chevron issuing from the dexter chief sable and gules a chevron issuing from the dexter chief argent, sinister argent a palm leaf gules.
	Hohenlohe Argent, two lions passant guardant sable, langued gules.
	Löwenstein-Wertheim Party per fess: fusily argent and azure; and Or, a lion statant gules, atop a mount azure.
	Nuremberg Or, a double-headed eagle sable dimidiating bendy gules and argent.
	Rieneck Quarterly: chevrony Or and gules; and barry Or and gules; overall a Wheel of Mainz argent.
	Rothenburg ob der Tauber Argent, a double-towered castle gules.
	Schwarzenberg Quarterly: paley azure and argent; Or, a raven pecking the eye out of a Turk's head couped at the neck proper.
	Schweinfurt Azure an eagle displayed argent.
	Seinsheim Argent, three pallets azure, a bend sinister wavy Or.
	Weißenburg im Nordgau Gules, a castle argent, portcullised Or, with an escutcheon of the Imperial arms (Or, a double-headed eagle sable) at the honour point.
	Welzheim Argent, a pine tree on a mount Vert.
	Wertheim Party per fess: Or, a demi-eagle displayed sable; and azure three roses argent.
	Wiesentheid Gules, a lion passant reversed Or, crowned Or; with three stems of grass surtout, all on a mount Vert.
	Windsheim Argent, an eagle sable, armed and langued Or, with a W Or on the breast.
	Würzburg Argent a Celtic cross sable; a chief dancetty gules (de).

Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle

Arms	Location/Blazon
	Cleves Cleves dynasty: Gules, an escutcheon argent, overall an escarbuncle Or. Mark dynasty: Quarterly, I and IV gules an escutcheon argent, overall an escarbuncle Or; II and III Or a fess chequy argent and gules.
	Berg Argent a lion rampant gules, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or.
	Jülich Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules.
	Liège Quarterly: I: gules a fess argent; II: Argent, three lions rampant vert, crowned or, armed and langued gules; III: Barry gules and or; IV: Or, three hunting horns gules, hooped and belted argent. Overall an inescutcheon gules, a perron or, supported by three lions, surmounted by a pineapple and a cross pattée, with the capital letters L and G aside, all of the same.
	Mark Counts of Mark: Or a fess chequy gules and argent. Counts of Cleves and Mark: Quarterly, I and IV gules an escutcheon argent, overall an escarbuncle Or; II and III Or a fess chequy gules and argent.
	Ravensberg Argent three chevrons gules.

Upper Rhenish Circle

Arms	Location/Blazon
	Hesse Azure a lion rampant barry argent and gules.
	Lorraine Before 1430: Or a bend gules three alerions displayed argent. From 1430 to 1473: Quarterly of six, I barry of eight gules and argent (for Hungary); II azure semy-de-lis Or a label gules (for Naples); III argent a cross potent and four crosslets Or (for Jerusalem); IV azure semy-de-lis Or a bordure gules (for the House of Valois-Anjou); V azure crusilly fitchy, two barbels haurient addorsed Or (for Bar); VI Or a bend gules three alerions argent (for Lorraine); overall an inescutcheon Or four pallets gules (for Aragon). From 1473 to 1508: Quarterly, I barry of eight gules and argent impaling azure semy-de-lis Or a label gules; II argent a cross potent and four crosslets Or impaling Or four pallets gules; III azure semy-de-lis Or a bordure gules; IV azure crusilly fitchy, two barbels haurient addorsed Or; overall an inescutcheon Or a bend gules three alerions argent. From 1538 to 1737: Quarterly, I barry of eight gules and argent impaling azure semy-de-lis Or a label gules; II argent a cross potent and four crosslets Or impaling Or four pallets gules; III azure semy-de-lis Or a bordure gules impaling azure a lion sinister rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules (for Guelders); IV Or a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules (for Jülich) impaling azure crusilly fitchy, two barbels haurient addorsed Or; overall an inescutcheon Or a bend gules three alerions argent.
	Savoy Gules a cross argent.
	Vaudémont Before 1346: Barry of ten, argent and sable. From 1346 to 1386 From 1386 to 1473: Or, on a bend gules three alerions argent, overall a label azure.

Electoral Rhenish Circle

Arms	Location and blazon
	Arenberg Gules, three estoiles Or voided; on a chief Or three torteaux.
	Beilstein Gules, a hunting horn argent, bound Or.
	Cologne Argent a cross sable.[2]
	Lower Isenburg Argent two bars sable.
	Mainz Gules, a wheel argent.
	Electoral Palatinate Before 1214: Sable a lion rampant Or crowned gules. After 1214: Quarterly, I and IV fusilly bendwise argent and azure (for Bavaria); II and III sable a lion rampant Or, armed, langued, and crowned gules.[4]
	Thurn und Taxis Quarterly: argent, two sceptres Or in saltire, tipped with fleurs-de-lys Or, overall a tower gules, ajouré azure; and Or a lion gules, crowned, armed and langued azure; overall an escutcheon: azure, a badger argent.
	Trier Argent a cross gules.[2]

Lower Saxon Circle

Arms	Location
	Holstein Gules, a nesselblatt argent.

Upper Saxon Circle

Arms	Location/Blazon
	Brandenburg Argent an eagle displayed gules crowned Or.
	Pomerania
	Saxony Barry sable and Or, a crancelin vert.

Swabian Circle

Arms	Location/Blazon
	Augsburg
	Baden Or a bend gules.
	Fugger Per pale Or and azure, two fleur-de-lis counterchanged.
	Salem Abbey
	Teck Fusilly bendwise sinister sable and Or.

Bohemia

Arms	Location/Blazon
	Moravia Azure an eagle displayed chequy argent and gules, crowned Or.
	Görlitz Per fess, chief gules a lion rampant argent, armed, langued, and crowned Or; base argent.
	Lusatia Lower Lusatia: Argent, a bull rampant gules. Upper Lusatia: Per fess embattled, azure and Or.
	Silesia Or, an eagle sable, charged with a crescent with cross argent, crowned or.

Other

Arms	Location/Blazon
	Geneva (before 1401) Or a cross quarter-pierced azure.
	Nice (as part of the Duchy of Savoy from 1046) Argent, an eagle displayed crowned gules standing upon three rocks sable issuing from the sea azure issuing from the base.
	Provence (before 1481) Before 1245: Or four pallets gules. After 1245: Azure semy-de-lis Or, a label gules.
	Prussia (after 1701) Argent, an eagle displayed sable crowned Or. Main article: Coat of arms of Prussia
	Teutonic Knights (1224–1525) Argent, a cross sable. Grand Master: Argent, on a cross sable a cross floretty Or and overall on an inescutcheon Or an eagle displayed sable.
	Viennois (before 1349) Or, a dolphin haurient azure finned gules.

See also

• Flags of the Holy Roman Empire
• Coat of arms of Germany

References

1. ^ "Königreich Böhmen". http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/kuk_boehmen.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Bernhard Peter Monographien: Wappen der Bistümer". http://www.dr-bernhard-peter.de/Heraldik/bistuemer.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
3. ^ "Die Wappen der Landkreise". Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20071117064752/http://www.landkreis-aschaffenburg.de/Landkreis16010/Wappen_der_Gemeinden16968/. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
4. ^ ^{a b} "Kultur und Geschichte". Friedelsheim in der Pfalz. http://www.friedelsheim.de/kultur.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-14.