Same-sex marriage legislation around the world

Same-sex relationships legal   Same-sex marriage   Other type of partnership (or unregistered cohabitation)   Same-sex marriage recognized, but not performed   Homosexuality legal but same-sex unions not recognized

Same-sex relationships illegal   Minimal penalty   Large penalty   Life in prison   Death penalty

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Legal recognition of same-sex relationships
Marriage
Argentina Belgium Canada Iceland Netherlands Norway Portugal South Africa Spain Sweden
Performed in some jurisdictions
Mexico: Mexico City United States: CT, DC, IA, MA, NH, NY, VT, Coquille, Suquamish
Recognized, not performed
Aruba (Netherlands only) Curaçao (Netherlands only) Israel Mexico: all states (Mexico City only) Sint Maarten (Netherlands only) United States: CA (conditional), MD
Civil unions and registered partnerships
Andorra Austria Brazil Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Finland France - New Caledonia - Wallis and Futuna Germany Greenland Hungary Ireland Isle of Man Liechtenstein Luxembourg New Zealand Slovenia Switzerland United Kingdom Uruguay
Performed in some jurisdictions
Australia: ACT, NSW, TAS, VIC Mexico: COA United States: CA, CO, DE, HI, IL, ME, NJ, NV, OR, RI, WA, WI
Unregistered cohabitation
Australia Croatia Israel
Recognized in some jurisdictions
United States: MD
See also
Same-sex marriage Same-sex marriage legislation Timeline of same-sex marriage Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe Marriage privatization Civil union Domestic partnership Listings by country
LGBT portal
v · d · e

Same-sex marriage is currently carried out throughout ten countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, and Argentina.^[1] Six U.S. states and one U.S. district perform same-sex marriages, those being Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York.^[2] and the District of Columbia.^[1] Mexico City also performs same-sex marriages,^[3] which are recognized in all 31 Mexican states.

Numerous other countries and regions also grant some form of recognition to same-sex couples; though do not provide same-sex marriage. Often these laws offer most if not all the rights that marriage offers. The issue of same-sex marriage has been a controversial debate throughout the world, and several regions and countries have passed statutory and constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage, sometimes also barring any form of recognition.^[4]

The issue of granting marriage to same-sex couples is controversial in many jurisdictions, and therefore, many governments tend to opt for creating a civil union or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples. Currently, the debate of legalizing same-sex marriage has been officially proposed in almost a dozen countries, and debates over other forms of recognition continue within several others.

Efforts to enable same-sex unions

International level

Several attempts have been made to establish a right to same-sex marriage at international level through strategic litigation. These attempts have remained unsuccessful. In the case of Joslin vs. New Zealand,^[5] the UN Human Rights Committee found that the right to marry under article 23, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has been "consistently and uniformly understood as indicating that" the obligation of State Parties to the Covenant is "to recognize as marriage only the union between a man and a woman wishing to marry each other". On European Level, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), in its decision on the case of Schalk and Kopf vs. Austria, has come to the same conclusion.

National level

The first registered same-sex union bill was successfully passed in Denmark in June 1989. Prior to the legislation, a number of countries had passed acts recognizing same-sex couples under an unregistered cohabitation, though none of these were registered. Following the implantation in Denmark, a series of countries, mostly European, later passed bills that created a various form of same-sex union.

The first same-sex marriage bill to ever be voted on was passed in the Netherlands in December 2000 and went into force in 2001. Belgium later passed a same-sex marriage bill in 2003, with Spain (2005), Canada (2005) and South Africa (2006) becoming the next three countries to pass such acts. Same-sex marriage was later legalized in both Norway and Sweden in 2009 and then Portugal, Iceland and Argentina in 2010.

A number of same-sex union bills will be introduced soon before various legislatures, with the registered partnership bill in Greece and the cohabitation bill in Malta. Also civil partnership legislation in the British crown territory of Jersey is to be assented soon by the Queen's representative. The governments of Luxembourg, Nepal, Uruguay, Denmark and United Kingdom have all announced their intention to introduce gender-neutral marriage bills soon.

Country	Date	Same-sex union	Upper House		Lower house		Head of State	Final outcome
			Yes	No	Yes	No
Netherlands	1979	Unregistered cohabitation[6][7]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Netherlands	1981	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[6]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Denmark	1986	Unregistered cohabitation[8]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Sweden	1987	Unregistered cohabitation[9]	n/a		Passed		n/a5	Yes
Denmark	1989-06 !June 1989	Registered partnership[10][11]	n/a		71	47	Signed	Yes
Norway	1991-07 !July 1991	Unregistered cohabitation[12]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Norway	1993-04 !April 1993	Registered partnership[13]	18	16	58	40	Signed	Yes1
Sweden	1994-06 !June 1994	Registered partnership[14]	n/a		171	141	n/a5	Yes1
Canada	1995	Same-sex marriage[15]	-	-	52	124	-	No
Hungary	1996-05 !May 1996	Unregistered cohabitation[16]	n/a		207	73	Signed	Yes
Iceland	June 1996	Registered partnership[17]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes1
Netherlands	1997-07 !July 1997	Registered partnership[6]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Slovakia	1997	Registered partnership[18]	n/a		Failed		–	No
Czech Republic	1998-06 !June 1998	Registered partnership[19]	–	–	Failed		–	No
France	1998-10 !October 1998	Pacte civil de solidarité[20]	-	-	Failed		–	No
Belgium	1999-01 !January 1999	Registered partnership[21]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
France	1999-11 !November 1999	Pacte civil de solidarité	Passed		315	249	Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	1999-12 !December 1999	Registered partnership[22]	–	–	69	91	–	No
Germany	2000-11 !November 2000	Life partnership	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Netherlands	2000-12 !December 2000	Same-sex marriage	49	26	109	33	Signed	Yes
Canada	2000	Unregistered cohabitation[23]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Zealand	2000	Unregistered cohabitation	n/a		70	44	Signed	Yes
Slovakia	2000	Registered partnership[18]	n/a		Failed		–	No
Portugal	2001-03 !March 2001	Unregistered cohabitation	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Finland	2001-09 !September 2001	Registered partnership[24]	n/a		99	84	Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	2001-10 !October 2001	Registered partnership[25]	–	–	Failed		–	No
Czech Republic	2001	Unregistered cohabitation[26]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Belgium	2003-02 !February 2003	Same-sex marriage	46	15	91	22	Signed	Yes
Croatia	2003-07 !July 2003	Unregistered cohabitation	Passed		n/a		Signed	Yes
Liechtenstein	2003	Registered partnership	10	15	n/a		–	No
Luxembourg	July 2004	Civil partnership[27]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
United Kingdom	2004-11 !November 2004	Civil partnership [28]	251	136	426	29	Signed	Yes
Germany	2004-12 !December 2004	Life partnership (expansion)[29]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Zealand	2004-12 !December 2004	Civil union[30]	n/a		65	55	Signed	Yes
Norway	2004	Same-sex marriage[31]	–	–	Failed		–	No
Panama	2004	Civil union[32]	n/a		Failed		–	No
Czech Republic	2005-02 !February 2005	Registered partnership	–	–	Failed		–	No
Andorra	2005-03 !March 2005	Stable union of a couple	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Slovenia	2005-03 !March 2005	Registered partnership	–	–	Failed		–	No
Switzerland	2005-06 !June 2005	Registered partnership[33]	Nationwide referendum (58%)					Yes
Spain	2005-07 !July 2005	Same-sex marriage	Vetoed 2		183	136	Signed	Yes
Canada	2005-07 !July 2005	Same-sex marriage[34]	47	21	158	133	Signed	Yes
Slovenia	2005-07 !July 2005	Registered partnership	Passed		44	3	Signed	Yes
Poland	2005	Registered partnership	38	23	–	–	–	No
Czech Republic	2006-03 !March 2006	Registered partnership[35]	65	14	86	54	Vetoed 3	Yes
France	2006-06 !June 2006	Pacte civil de solidarité (expansion)[36]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
South Africa	2006-11 !November 2006	Same-sex marriage[37]	36	11	230	41	Signed	Yes
Portugal	2006-12 !December 2006	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)	n/a		Passed		Vetoed	No
Colombia	2007-06 !June 2007	Civil union[38]	29	34	62	43	–	No
Luxembourg	2007-07 !July 2007	Same-sex marriage[39]	n/a		22	38	–	No
Hungary	2007-12 !December 2007	Registered partnership[40]	n/a		185	154	Signed	No 4
Uruguay	2007-12 !December 2007	Cohabitation union[41]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Norway	2008-06 !June 2008	Same-sex marriage[42]	23	17	84	41	Signed	Yes
Ecuador	2008-09 !September 2008	Civil union	Constitutional referendum (63.93%)					Yes
Portugal	2008-10 !October 2008	Same-sex marriage[43]	n/a		Failed		–	No
Australia	2008-11 !November 2008	Unregistered cohabitation[44]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Sweden	2009-04 !April 2009	Same-sex marriage[45]	n/a		261	22	n/a5	Yes
Hungary	2009-04 !April 2009	Registered partnership	n/a		199	159	Signed	Yes
France	2009-05 !May 2009	Foreign unions as PACS[46]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Portugal	2009-08 !August 2009	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[47]	n/a		Passed		Vetoed	No
Austria	2009-12 !December 2009	Registered partnership[48]	44	8	110	64	Signed	Yes
Portugal	2010-01 !January 2010	Civil union[49]	n/a		Failed		–	No
Hungary	2010-02 !February 2010	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[50][51]	n/a		Passed		Vetoed 3	Yes
Australia	2010-02 !February 2010	Same-sex marriage[52]	5	45	–	–	–	No
Portugal	2010-05 !May 2010	Same-sex marriage[53]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Denmark	2010-06 !June 2010	Same-sex marriage[54]	n/a		51	57	–	No
Iceland	2010-06 !June 2010	Same-sex marriage[55]	n/a		49	0	Signed	Yes
Ireland	2010-07 !July 2010	Civil partnership[56][57]	48	4	Passed		Signed	Yes
Argentina	2010-07 !July 2010	Same-sex marriage[58][59]	33	27	125	109	Signed	Yes
Luxembourg	2010-08 !August 2010	Civil partnership (expansion)[60]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Portugal	2010-08 !August 2010	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[61][62]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Germany	2010-09 !September 2010	Same-sex marriage[63]	Failed		-		–	No
Germany	2010-10 !October 2010	Life partnership (expansion)[64]	-		Failed		–	No
Germany	2011-04 !April 2011	Life partnership (expansion)[65]	Failed		-		–	No
France	June 2011	Same-sex marriage[66]	-	-	222	293	-	No
Liechtenstein	2011-06 !June 2011	Registered partnership[67][68]	Nationwide referendum (68%)					Yes
Germany	June 2011	Life partnership (expansion)[69]	Failed		-		-	No
Slovenia	2011-11 !November 2011	Registered partnership (expansion)[70][71]	Passed		43	38	...
Nepal	November 2011	Same-sex marriage[72]	n/a		Pending		...
Denmark	Spring 2012	Same-sex marriage[73][74]	n/a		Proposed		...
Australia	2012	Same-sex marriage[75][76]	Pending		...		...
Colombia	2012	Same-sex marriage[77]	...	...	Proposed		...
Finland	2012	Same-sex marriage[78]	n/a		Proposed		...
Luxembourg	2012 !2012	Same-sex marriage[79][80]	n/a		Pending		...
United Kingdom	2012	Same-sex marriage[81]	Proposed		...		...
Uruguay	2012	Same-sex marriage[82]	...		Pending		...
Bolivia	2012	Civil union[83][84]	...	...	Pending		...
Chile	2012	Civil union[85][86]	...	...	Pending		...
Colombia	2012	Civil union[87]	...	...	Pending		...
Costa Rica	2012	Civil union[88]	...	...	Pending		...
Cuba	2012	Civil union[89][90]	...	...	Proposed		...
Estonia	2012	Civil partnership[91]	n/a		Proposed		...
Greece	2012	Registered partnership[92][93]	n/a		Proposed		...
Malta	2012	Unregistered cohabitation[94][95]	n/a		Pending		...
Peru	2012	Civil union[96][97]	...	...	Pending		...
Poland	2012	Registered partnership[98]	...		Proposed		...

Notes:

¹Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
²The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
³Veto overridden.
⁴Ruled unconstitutional.
⁵According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.

Sub-national level

For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance states and territories can often grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions. In Australia these have twice been overturned by the federal government. In December 2009 Mexico City become the first region in Latin America to legalize same-sex marriage.

State/Territory	Country	Date	Same-sex union	Upper House		Lower house		Head of State	Final outcome
				Yes	No	Yes	No
Ontario	Canada	June 1994	Domestic partnership[99]	n/a		58	69	-	No
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	1994	Unregistered cohabitation[100]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Greenland	Denmark	April 1996	Registered partnership[101]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Catalonia	Spain	June 1998	Stable union of couple[102][103]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Aragon	Spain	March 1999	Stable couple[102][104]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Quebec	Canada	May 1999	Unregistered cohabitation[105][106][107]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ontario	Canada	October 1999	Unregistered cohabitation[105]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	1999	Unregistered cohabitation[108]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Navarra	Spain	2000	Stable couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Nova Scotia	Canada	November 2000	Domestic partnership[109][110]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Saskatchewan	Canada	July 2001	Unregistered cohabitation[105][109]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Victoria	Australia	August 2001	Unregistered cohabitation	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Valencia	Spain	2001	De facto couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Madrid	Spain	2001	De facto couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Balearic Islands	Spain	2001	Stable couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Manitoba	Canada	2001	Common-law relationship	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Quebec	Canada	June 2002	Civil union	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Alberta	Canada	December 2002	Adult interdependent relationship	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	December 2002	Unregistered cohabitation	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Andalusia	Spain	2002	De facto couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Asturias	Spain	2002	Stable couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Buenos Aires	Argentina	2002	Civil union	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	2002	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[111]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Western Australia	Australia	2002	Unregistered cohabitation[112]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Extremadura	Spain	2003	De facto couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Basque Country	Spain	2003	De facto couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Canary Islands	Spain	2003	De facto couple[102]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Rio Negro	Argentina	2003	Civil union[113]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	September 2003	Significant relationship[114]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	January 2004	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Northern Territory	Australia	March 2004	Unregistered cohabitation[115]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Sydney	Australia	July 2004	Relationship declaration program	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Cantabria	Spain	May 2005	De facto couple[116]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Isle of Man		November 2005	UK partnership recognition[117]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Norfolk Island	Australia	2005	Unregistered cohabitation	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	June 2006	Civil union[118]	n/a		Passed		Signed	No1
Mexico City	Mexico	November 2006	Law for coexistence partnerships[119]	n/a		43	17	Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	December 2006	Unregistered cohabitation[120]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Coahuila	Mexico	January 2007	Civil pact of solidarity[121]	n/a		20	13	Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	February 2007	Civil partnership	n/a		Passed		Signed	No1
Melbourne	Australia	April 2007	Relationship declaration register	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Yarra	Australia	May 2007	Relationship declaration program[122]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Villa Carlos Paz	Argentina	November 2007	Civil union[123]	n/a		12	6	Signed	Yes
Victoria	Australia	April 2008	Relationship register[124]	29	10	54	24	Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	May 2008	Civil partnership[125]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	June 2008	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[126]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Caledonia	France	April 2009	Pacte civil de solidarité [127][128]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Wallis and Futuna	France	April 2009	Pacte civil de solidarité[129]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Río Cuarto	Argentina	May 2009	Civil union	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	September 2009	Significant relationship (expansion)[130]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	November 2009	Civil partnership (expansion)[131]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Mexico City	Mexico	December 2009	Same-sex marriage[132]	n/a		39	20	Signed	Yes
Blue Mountains	Australia	March 2010	Relationship declaration program[133]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	May 2010[134]	Relationship register[135][136]	32	5	62	9	Signed	Yes
Vienna	Austria	June 2010	Registered partnership (expansion)[137][138][139]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	October 2010	Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[140][141][142][143][144]	Passed		22	3	Signed	Yes
Isle of Man		March 2011	Civil partnership[145]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Jersey		November 2011	Civil partnership[146][147]	n/a		33	0	Pending
Queensland	Australia	November 2011	Civil partnership[148][149]	n/a		462	302	...
Cairns	Australia	2011	Relationship declaration program[150][151][152]'[153]	n/a		Pending		...
Cochabamba	Bolivia	2011	Same-sex marriage[154]	n/a		Proposed		...

Notes:

• ¹ Legislation overturned by federal government.
• ² First reading.

Constitutional efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Sometimes unintentionally but usually in response to legislation providing for marriage or other rights to same-sex couples in various countries, some countries and 30 US states have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions; with some banning only marriage, others banning marriage and legislation providing "similar rights," some prohibiting the government from establishing any form of same-sex union, and others going as far to ban the prior as well as prohibiting private contracts, including wills, for same-sex couples. The majority of countries with constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage passed such acts via constitutional referendum, with the amendment being one out of many within a proposed constitution submitted to the people by the government.

Country	Date	Ban on	Upper House		Lower house		Head of state	Final outcome
			Yes	No	Yes	No
Cuba	February 1976	Same-sex marriage[155]	Constitutional referendum (97.7%)					Yes
Burkina Faso	June 1991	Same-sex marriage[156]	Constitutional referendum (77.1%)					Yes
Bulgaria	July 1991	Same-sex marriage[157]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Vietnam	April 1992	Same-sex marriage[158]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Paraguay	June 1992	Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[159]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Lithuania	October 1992	Same-sex marriage[160][161]	Constitutional referendum (75.42%)					Yes
Cambodia	September 1993	Same-sex marriage[162]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Belarus	March 1994	Same-sex marriage[163]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Moldova	July 1994	Same-sex marriage[164]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ukraine	June 1996	Same-sex marriage[165]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Poland	April 1997	Same-sex marriage[166]	Constitutional referendum (52.71%)					Yes
Venezuela	December 1999	Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[167][168]	Constitutional referendum (71.78%)					Yes
Rwanda	May 2003	Same-sex marriage[169]	Constitutional referendum (93.42%)					Yes
United States	July 2004	Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[170]	48	50	227	186	–	No
Burundi	February 2005	Same-sex marriage[171]	Constitutional referendum (92.02%)					Yes
Honduras	March 2005	Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[172][173]	n/a		128	0	Signed	Yes
Uganda	September 2005	Same-sex marriage[174]	n/a		111	17	Signed	Yes
Latvia	December 2005	Same-sex marriage[175]	n/a		65	5	Signed	Yes
DR Congo	December 2005	Same-sex marriage[176][177]	Constitutional referendum (84.31%)					Yes
United States	July 2006	Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[178]	49	48	236	187	–	No
Serbia	October 2006	Same-sex marriage[179]	Constitutional referendum (53%)					Yes
Montenegro	October 2007	Same-sex marriage[180][181]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ecuador	September 2008	Same-sex marriage[182]	Constitutional referendum (63.93%)					Yes
Bolivia	January 2009	Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[183]	Constitutional referendum (61.43%)					Yes
Cayman Islands	June 2009	Same-sex marriage[184]	n/a		Passed		Signed	Yes
El Salvador	October 2009	Same-sex marriage[185][186][187]	n/a		46	38	–	No1
Dominican Republic	January 2010	Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[188]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Kenya	August 2010	Same-sex marriage[189]	Constitutional referendum (68.55%)					Yes
Zambia	March 2011	Same-sex marriage[190][191]	n/a		Failed		-	No
Hungary	April 2011	Same-sex marriage[192][193][194]	n/a		262	44	Signed	Yes
South Sudan	July 2011	Same-sex marriage[195][196][197]	Passed				Signed	Yes
Chile	2011	Same-sex marriage[198]	...		Proposed		...
Jamaica	2011	Same-sex marriage[199]	...	...	Proposed		...

Note:
¹ The amendment was initially passed in April 2009, but was rejected in a second vote in October 2009.^[187]

Court challenges to enable same-sex unions

Country	Year	Description	Restrictions unconstitutional?
United States	1972	The Supreme Court of the United States dismissed Baker v. Nelson "for want of a substantial federal question."[200]	No
Israel	1994	An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples.	Yes
Israel	1995	An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to further benefits.	Yes
Israel	1996	An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to even further benefits.	Yes
Canada	1999	The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that cohabitating same-sex partners in a common-law marriage were entitled to the same rights as unmarried cohabitating opposite-sex partners[201]	Yes
South Africa	December 1999	The Constitutional Court ruled in National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs that foreign same-sex partners of South Africans were entitled to the same immigration benefits as foreign spouses.[202]	Yes
Israel	2000	An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to pension benefits.	Yes
Israel	2001	Common-law status is once again expanded to allow a partner to claim guardianship of the other's child.	Yes
South Africa	September 2002	The Constitutional Court ruled in Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development that same-sex partners were entitled to adopt children jointly and to adopt each other's children in the same way that married couples were.[203]	Yes
Canada	2002-5	A series of court decisions progressively legalized same-sex marriage in Canada's provinces and territories prior to the passage of the Civil Marriage Act. Decisions in Ontario, Quebec, and BC found that not permitting same-sex marriage violated the Charter of Rights. Those decisions were subsequently given immediate effect in later decisions, and further decisions in Yukon, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, and New Brunswick extended the decisions to those jurisdictions.	Yes
Venezuela	2003	The Supreme Court of Venezuela ruled that the government is free to introduce measures that provide for economic benefits to same-sex couples, though it is not bound by law to do so.[204]	No
Austria	2003	The ECtHR ruled that same-sex couples must be recognized under common-law status; equal to opposite-sex couples.	Yes
South Korea	2004	The Democratic Labor Party of South Korea led a challenge to the government's exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage in 2004.	No developments
Israel	January 2005	The Supreme Court expanded the common-law status to include for adoption of a partner's child.	Yes
South Africa	December 2005	In the case of Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie, the Constitutional Court of South Africa ruled that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was unconstitutional.[205]	Yes
Costa Rica	May 2006	The Supreme Court of Costa Rica ruled 5–2 that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was not unconstitutional.[206]	No
United States	July 2006	Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning challenges the validity of Nebraska's Initiative Measure 416 constitutional ban on same-sex marriage against the United States Constitution.	No[207]
United Kingdom	July 2006	The High Court ruled that recognizing same-sex marriages performed abroad as "civil partnerships" over marriages was not discriminatory.[208]	No
Israel	November 2006	The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the government must recognize same-sex marriages performed abroad on par with opposite-sex marriages that have been performed abroad.[209]	Yes
Brazil	2006	A 2006 decision issued by the Superior Tribunal de Justiça stated that same-sex couples qualify as de facto partners.	Yes
Colombia	February 2007	A Colombian court ruled that some common law benefits must be extended to same-sex couples.[210]	Yes
Aruba	April 2007	The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that Aruba must recognize all Dutch marriages, including same-sex marriages.[211]	Yes
Netherlands Antilles	April 2007	The Supreme Court of the Netherlands's ruling applied to the Netherlands Antilles in addition to Aruba.	Yes
Nepal	November 2008	Following a ruling by the nation's Supreme Court, the government has been ordered to include a same-sex couple inclusive marriage law in the upcoming 2011 constitution. A seven-member committee currently works to study the same-sex marriage laws of other countries and propose a same-sex marriage bill before the government.[212]	Yes
Colombia	January 2009	The constitutional court later ruled that benefits for cohabitating same-sex couples must be expanded to give them equality with cohabitating opposite-sex couples.[213]	Yes
Slovenia	July 2009	The Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that the registered partnership law excluding registered partners from inheritance rights was discriminatory; giving the Parliament six months to respond to the ruling.[214]	Yes
Portugal	July 2009	The Constitutional Court of Portugal ruled 3–2 that the statutory ban on same-sex marriage does not violate the Portuguese constitutional provision that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.[215]	No
Russia	January 2010	Two lesbians who recently married in Canada have announced their intention to push for its recognition within Russia.[216][217] Russian courts have ruled that the two are not legally able to marry, and thus the two women are seeking to use a loophole for recognition only.[218]	No[219]
Poland	March 2010	The European Court of Human Rights ruled that homosexuals have the right to inherit from their partners.[220]	Yes
Italy	April 2010	The constitutionality of Italy refusing to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was under question before the Constitutional Court.[221][222] In April 2010 the court rejected the bids from Italian couples.[223]	No
Austria	June 2010	Schalk and Kopf v. Austria challenges the validity of Austria's marriage laws in the European Court of Human Rights[224][225]	No
Mexico	August 2010	After affirming the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law, the Supreme Court affirmed its constitutionality and ruled that all Mexican states be required to recognize the marriages.	Yes[226]
Germany	August 2010	Court ruled twenty-point higher inheritance tax for registered partners as opposed to married opposite-sex couples violated the constitution. The government has until 2011 to amend the law.	Yes
Colombia	November 2010	Marriage law under challenge in the Constitutional Court[227]	No developments
France	January 2011	France's highest court of appeal, the Court of Cassation, on Tuesday November 17, 2010, asked the Constitutional Council to rule on whether same-sex marriage marriage should remain illegal.[228][229] On January 28, 2011, the Council ruled that the law banning same-sex marriage is constitutional.[230]	No
Brazil	May 2011	The constitutionality of Brazil's same-sex couple exclusive marriage law (and lack of civil unions) is under challenge in the nation's highest court.[231] On May 5, 2011, the court ruled in a 10-0 voting that same-sex civil unions must be recognized.[232]	Yes
Brazil	June 2011	A judge in Sao Paolo converted a civil union into a civil marriage.[233]	Yes
Colombia	July 2011	The Constitutional Court of Colombia has ruled that same-sex couples are at a legal disadvantage by being excluded from marriage, and ordered Congress to rectify this issue by June 20 2013. If the deadline is not met, same-sex couples would thenceforth be able to get married by a judge or a notary. [234]	Yes
Brazil	October 2011	Brazil's Supreme Court of Justice has ruled that two women can legally be married. It’s the highest court in Brazil to uphold a gay marriage. It overturned two lower court’s ruling against the women. [235]	Yes
Chile	2011	A court in Santiago asked the Constitutional Court about the validity of Article 102 of the Civil Code that defines marriages only between a man and a women, after three couples challenged the article.[236] The Constitutional Court rejected their bids in a 9-1 vote.[237] The case is now moving forward to the Court of Appeals.[238]
Ireland	2011	Marriage law under challenge.[239]
France	2011	A same-sex couple, in Chapin and Charpentier v. France are filing a court challenge to a French law that prevents same-sex marriage to the European Court of Human Rights.[240]
Cyprus	2011	A Cypriot couple is taking the Republic of Cyprus to the European Court of Human Rights for not giving them the right to enter into a same-sex marriage.[241]
United States	2011	Several concurrent lawsuits challenging various portions of the federal Defense of Marriage Act. See here.
United States	2011	Perry v. Schwarzenegger challenges the validity of California's Proposition 8 constitutional ban on same-sex marriage against the United States Constitution.[242][243]
United Kingdom	2011	Eight couples from the United Kingdom have filed a challenge against the UK's bans on gay marriage and straight civil partnerships at the European Court of Human Rights.[244]
Costa Rica	2011	Two gay couples asked a Costa Rican court on May 16 to be married in a civil union.[245] The request of one couple was declined, but they said they have the intention to appeal the judgement.[246]

See also

• LGBT rights by country or territory
• Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

References

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49. ^ (Portuguese) Projecto de Lei 119/XI
50. ^ (Italian) UNGHERIA: APPROVATO NUOVO CODICE CIVILE, OK A COPPIE GAY
51. ^ (Italian) Il parlamento ungherese approva il nuovo codice civile e legalizza le coppie gay
52. ^ Gay marriage bill fails in Senate
53. ^ Portugal's president to ratify same-sex marriage law
54. ^ (Danish) VKO: Nej til homoægteskab
55. ^ Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage
56. ^ Civil Partnership Bill passes through Dáil
57. ^ Civil Partnership Bill passes the Seanad
58. ^ CFK enacts same-sex marriage law
59. ^ Cristina formalized the gay marriage law
60. ^ (French) Mémorial A n° 134 de 2010
61. ^ (Portuguese) Projecto de Lei 280/XI
62. ^ (Portuguese) Cavaco promulga diploma que altera uniões de facto
63. ^ (German) Bundesrat lehnt Gleichstellung ab
64. ^ (German) Bundestag: Regierung lehnt Gleichstellung ab
65. ^ (German) Bundesrat votiert gegen Gleichstellung
66. ^ French parliament rejects bill allowing gay marriages, opposed by Sarkozy's conservatives
67. ^ (German) Landtag einhellig für Partnerschaftsgesetz
68. ^ (German) Liechtenstein: Stoppt das Volk die Homo-Ehe?
69. ^ http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=14477
70. ^ Poslanci potrdili družinski zakonik
71. ^ Zavrnili veto: Blažič pozitivno presenečen, Primc: Državni svetniki padli na izpitu
72. ^ Nepal Plans to Legalize Same-Sex Marriage, Discrimination Persists
73. ^ [1]
74. ^ [2]
75. ^ Greens make first move with same-sex marriage legislation in Senate
76. ^ Greens lobby for gay marriage again
77. ^ [3]
78. ^ Marriage equality issue left over from government formation talks
79. ^ (French) Les gays pourront bientôt se marier et adopter
80. ^ (French) Rôle des affaires
81. ^ UK to commit to marriage equality
82. ^ Gay Marriage Bill Introduced In Uruguay
83. ^ http://www.la-razon.com/version.php?ArticleId=131418&EditionId=2547
84. ^ http://www.hazteoir.org/noticia/39170-bolivia-defiende-matrimonio-frente-su-equiparacion-uniones-gay
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93. ^ (Greek) Ερχεται το σύμφωνο συμβίωσης
94. ^ Government drafting law on cohabitation
95. ^ Cohabitation law in the works – PM
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97. ^ (Spanish) Legislador peruano anuncia proyecto para legalizar uniones homosexuales
98. ^ Civil partnership draft in December
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126. ^ Miscellaneous Acts Amendment (Same Sex Relationships) Bill 2008
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143. ^ Upper house endorses same sex amendment
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146. ^ Jersey States approves civil partnerships
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149. ^ QLD Civil Unions passes first reading
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180. ^ THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007
181. ^ Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro
182. ^ (Spanish) "Constitucion del Ecuador". Asamblea Constituyente. http://www.asambleaconstituyente.gov.ec/documentos/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-09. 
183. ^ (Spanish) Constitución Política del Estado
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193. ^ Hungarian lawmakers approve socially and fiscally conservative new constitution
194. ^ Hungarian president signs new constitution despite human rights concerns
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223. ^ Italian court rebuffs gay marriage bid
224. ^ European Court Rules Gay Marriage Not a Universal Human Right
225. ^ Same-sex marriage ban upheld by court
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227. ^ (Spanish) Corte Constitucional aplazó discusión sobre el matrimonio gay
228. ^ Court to look at gay marriage ban
229. ^ Gay marriage to be debated in French Constitutional Council
230. ^ France's Constitutional Council nixes gay marriage
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239. ^ Supreme Court to hear lesbian marriage appeal in February
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243. ^ California gay marriages on hold again
244. ^ UK gay marriage challenge goes to European Court
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