Charles Townley

For the British officer of arms, see Charles Townley (officer of arms).

See also: Towneley (family)

Charles Townley in the Park St. Gallery by Zoffany, 1783, Burnley. Top, on the bookcase, the Townley Vase. Right, on a puteal, the Townley Venus.

Charles Townley (October 1, 1737 – January 3, 1805^[1]) was an English country gentleman, antiquary and collector of the Townley Marbles (or Towneley Marbles).

He was born at Towneley Hall, the family seat, near Burnley in Lancashire, on the 1st of October 1737. (He regularly spelt his name Townley, so this is the spelling usually used in modern literature for him, but still usually not for his marbles.^[2]) From a Catholic family and thus excluded both from public office and from English universities, he was educated at the college of Douai, and subsequently under John Turberville Needham, the physiologist and divine. In 1758 he took up his residence at Towneley Hall [1], where he lived the ordinary life of a country gentleman until 1767, when he left England on the Grand Tour, chiefly to Rome, which he also visited in 1772-3 and 1777. He also made several excursions to the south of Italy and Sicily. In conjunction with various dealers, including Gavin Hamilton, artist and antiquarian, and Thomas Jenkins, a dealer in antiquities in Rome, he got together a splendid collection of antiquities, known especially for the "Towneley Marbles" (or "Townley"), which was deposited in 1778 in a house built for the purpose in Park Street, in the West End of London, where he died on the 8th of January 1805. His solitary publication was an account of the Ribchester Helmet in Vetusta Monumenta, a Roman cavalry helmet found near Towneley Hall,^[3] and now in the British Museum.^[4] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1791.^[5] He became a member of the Society of Dilettanti 1786, and made a trustee of the British Museum in 1791.^[3]

The trustees of the British Museum obtained from Parliament a grant of £20,000, probably not half the original cost; and for this sum his marbles and the larger bronzes and terracottas were purchased from the family in 1805, and still form the core of its Graeco-Roman collection. The small antiquities, including coins, engraved gems, and pottery, followed in 1814.

A relief from Townley's collection, from Hadrian's Villa.

He became the most famous member of the family and another of the treasures now at Towneley is a conversation piece [2] by Johan Zoffany of Townley in his London house surrounded by an imaginary arrangement of his sculptures.^[6] Engaged in discussion with him are three fellow connoisseurs, the palaeographer Charles Astle, Hon. Charles Francis Greville, F.R.S., and Pierre-François Hugues D'Hancarville. Prominent in front are Townley's Roman marble of the Discobolos,^[7] the Nymph with a Shell, of which the most famous variant was also in the Borghese collection^[8] and a Faun of the Barberini type. On a pedestal in front of the fireplace, the Boys Fighting from the Barberini collection had been Towneley's first major purchase, in 1768: Winckelmann had identified it as a lost original by Polyclitus. In point of fact, Towneley's only Greek original appears to have been the grave relief on the left wall above the Bust of a Maenad posed on a wall bracket. The so-called Bust of Clytie^[9] perches on the small writing-table, in Zoffany's assembly of the Townley marbles: it was extensively reproduced in marble, plaster, and the white bisque porcelain called parian ware for its supposed resemblance to Parian marble. Goethe owned two casts of this.^[10] The Townley Venus on a Roman well-head that serves as drum pedestal had been discovered by Gavin Hamilton at Ostia and quietly shipped out of the Papal States as two fragmentary pieces^[11] The marble Townley Vase, also furtively exported, stands on the bookcase at the rear: it was excavated about 1774 by Gavin Hamilton at Monte Cagnolo.

A large archive of Townley's papers, including diaries, account books, bills, correspondence, and catalogues, was acquired by the British Museum in 1992.

A bust of Townley was made in Carrara marble in 1807 by distinguished English sculptor Joseph Nollekens, a friend and associate of Townley. It shows Townley in herm form - head and neck only, without full shoulders or arms - with a bare neck, dishevelled hair and a pensive expression. The National Heritage Memorial Fund, in whose 2008-9 annual report the bust is described as "masterfully executed", made a grant of £187,000 to help purchase the bust so that it could be returned to Towneley Hall Museum in the collector's former family home on the outskirts of Burnley.

Notes

1. ^ The Dictionary of National Biography. 
2. ^ Although the British Museum now uses "Townley" for all, as in the book by B.F. Cook - see below.
3. ^ ^{a b}  Wroth, Warwick William (1885–1900). "Towneley, Charles". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 
4. ^ "Cavalry sports helmet". British Museum. http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/c/cavalry_sports_helmet.aspx. Retrieved September 2010. 
5. ^ "Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007". London: The Royal Society. http://royalsociety.org/Lists-of-Royal-Society-Fellows-1660-2007/. Retrieved 19 July 2010. ^{[dead link]}
6. ^ In August 1781 Townley wrote to James Byres, the antiquary and dealer in Rome, that "Mr Zoffany is painting, in the Stile of his Florence tribune, a room in my house, wherein he introduces what Subjects he chuses in my collection. It will be a picture of extraordinary effect & truth..." (Kitto 2005).
7. ^ It was discovered at Hadrian's Villa in 1790 and purchased by Towneley in 1792; it was such an important addition to the Towneley marbles that Zoffany was called in to add it to the painting. The head looking forward was a controversial restoration.
8. ^ Now at the Musée du Louvre.
9. ^ Towneley purchased it directly from the Laurenzano family in Naples in July 1772 for 530 ducats (Kitto 2005)
10. ^ Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1981 Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture 1500-1900, p 68.
11. ^ Haskell and Penny 1981:68.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Tony Kitto, "The celebrated connoisseur: Charles Townley, 1737-1805" Minerva Magazine May/June 2005, in connection with a British Museum exhibition clebrating the bicentennial of the Townley purchase. [3]
• Sir Henry Ellis: The Townley Gallery of Classic Sculpture in the British Museum 1846.
• Nicholas Penny, 'Exhibition Review - Townley at the B. M. and Cavaceppi at the Clarendon Gallery', The Burlington Magazine, 1984, p55

Further reading

• B.F. Cook, The Townley Marbles London, The British Museum Press, 1985

Persondata
Name	Towneley, Charles
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	October 1, 1737
Place of birth
Date of death	January 3, 1805
Place of death