Entertainment Software Rating Board

Infobox_Company
company_
company_name = ESRB
company_type = Public company
parent = 3DO Rating System (by The 3DO Company, now defunct), Recreational Software Advisory Council (now defunct), Videogame Rating Council (by Sega of America, now defunct)
foundation = 1994 in Canada and United States
location = Canada, United States
key_people = Interactive Digital Software Association (now the Entertainment Software Association)
industry = Organization andrating system
homepage = http://www.esrb.orgThe Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is a self-regulatory organization that applies and enforces ratings, advertising guidelines, and online privacy principles for computer and video games and other entertainment software in North America

It was established in 1994 by the Interactive Digital Software Association (now the Entertainment Software Association). By early 2003, it had rated over 8,000 titles submitted by 350 publishers.

The decision to found the ESRB was influenced by violent content found in games such as "Mortal Kombat" and "Night Trap" and other controversial video games portraying violent or sexual situations at the time.

Overview

The ESRB applies ratings to games based on their content, similar to the motion picture rating systems used in many countries. Their aim is to aid consumers in determining a game's content and suitability. A game's rating is displayed on its box, the media, in advertisements and on game web sites.

The rating system is voluntary,

Ratings

The symbols the ESRB uses are stylized depictions of alphabetical letters meant to convey at a glance a game's suitability.

Current

*EC — Early Childhood: Contains content that is considered suitable for children under 3 years of age. Games with this rating contain no material that parents or educators would find inappropriate. Games that fall under this rating are specifically intended for young children and are usually educational in nature.
*E — Everyone: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for children under 6 years of age.. Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language. Some games that use the Everyone rating are , Super Mario Sunshine, and .
*E10+ — Everyone 10+: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for children under 10 years of age. Titles in this category may contain more cartoon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language, animated blood and/or minimal suggestive themes. The ESRB introduced the E10+ rating on March 2, 2005; "Donkey Kong Jungle Beat" being the first game to receive this rating. Examples for E10+ games are Madagascar, , Mario Strikers Charged, and The Legend of Spyro Trilogy.
*T — Teen: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for children under 13 years of age. Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language. This rating was used on games rated E10+ when the E10+ rating did not exist. Examples for Teen games are SoulCalibur IV and Homestar Ruiner.
*M — Mature: Contains content that is considered unsutiable for people under the age of 17. Titles in this category may contain violence such as blood sensual references and/or language. Examples for M games include Grand Theft Auto IV, No More Heroes (video game), and Fable.An example for M- is . An example for M+ is Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas or Resident Evil. Many retailers (such as Target and Wal-Mart in the United States, Future Shop in Canada, and Best Buy in both countries) have a policy of not selling games with this rating to teenagers and others under the age of 17 without parental presence and approval. [ [http://www.esrb.org/retailers/retail_council.jsp ESRB retail council information page] ]
*AO — Adults Only: Contains content that is considered unsuitable for those under age 18. These may include pornographic video games that depict sex and nudity and/or extreme depictions of violence that include blood and gore. As of August 2007, there have been twenty-five products which have received the rating, most of which are available on Windows and Apple Macintosh computers, as well as the Philips CD-i. The AO rating is the subject of ongoing, heated controversy due to the extreme restrictions it places on game sales. For example, all three of the major video game console manufacturers (Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft) strictly prohibit the release and sale of AO-rated games on their consoles and that means major retailers do not allow AO-rated games on their shelves.Fact|date=January 2008 Games from major publishers that receive an AO rating are often 'toned down' in order to gain the lesser rating of M such as "" , "Manhunt 2"and Fahrenheit(2005 video game).
*RP — Rating Pending: Product has been submitted to the ESRB and is awaiting final rating. This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a game's release.

Original

The following rating has been updated and is no longer used, but it may appear on games published previously.

*Kids to Adults: Contains content that may be suitable for ages 6 and older. These titles will appeal to people of many ages and tastes. Titles in this category may contain minimal violence, some comic mischief (for example, slapstick comedy), or some crude language. It was switched into Everyone on the start of 1998.

Content descriptors

The content descriptors are not exhaustive descriptions of all content within a game: they are applied within the context of the rating a game is assigned. For example, a Teen game with one use of strong language and numerous uses of mild language would receive a "Mild Language" descriptor. They are also not always printed as shown below. They may have additional words added to further clarify the highlighted content such as "Mild" Blood" and "Mild" Suggestive Themes".

Current

*Alcohol Reference — Reference to and/or images of alcoholic beverages. [http://www.esrb.org/ratings/ratings_guide.jsp ESRB Ratings Page] from the ESRB website]
*Animated Blood — Discolored and/or unrealistic depictions of blood.
*Blood — Depictions of blood.
*Cartoon Violence — Violent actions involving cartoon-like or animated situations and characters. May also include violence where a character is unharmed after the action has been inflicted.
*Comic Mischief — Depictions or dialogue involving slapstick or suggestive humor.
*Crude Humor — Depictions or dialogue involving vulgar antics, including "bathroom humor".
*Drug Reference — Reference to and/or images of illegal drugs.
*Edutainment — Combines Education with Entertainment, and refers to nothing crude, vulgar, profane, violent, or obscene. Content of product provides user with specific skills development or reinforcement learning within an entertainment setting. Skill development is an integral part of product.
*Fantasy Violence — Violent actions of a fantasy nature, involving human or non-human characters in situations easily distinguishable from real life.
*Intense Violence — Graphic and realistic-looking depictions of physical conflict. May involve extreme and/or realistic blood, gore, weapons, and depictions of human injury and death.
*Language — Mild to moderate use of profanity.
*Lyrics — Mild references to profanity, sexuality, violence, alcohol, or drug use in music.
*Real Gambling — Player can gamble, including betting or wagering real cash or currency. (Most games with this content are online playable.)
*Simulated Gambling — Player can gamble without betting or wagering real cash or currency.
*Strong Language — Explicit and/or frequent use of profanity.
*Strong Lyrics — Explicit and/or frequent references to profanity, sex, violence, alcohol, or drug use in music.
*Suggestive Themes — Mild provocative references or materials.
*Tobacco Reference — Reference to and/or images of tobacco products.
*Use of Alcohol — The consumption of alcoholic beverages.
*Violence — Scenes involving aggression, such as fighting and/or shooting
*Violent References — References to violent acts.

Online Rating Notice

Online games that include user-generated content (e.g., chat, maps, skins) carry the notice Online Interactions Not Rated by the ESRB (formerly "Game experience may change during online play") to warn consumers that content created by players of the game has not been rated by the ESRB. This is used to describe the fact that players online may speak in an inappropriate manner, or use profanity (which cannot be effectively rated by ESRB). [ [http://www.mobygames.com/attribute/sheet/attributeId,658/ Brief Example] from MobyGames]

Original

The following content descriptors have been updated and are no longer used, but they may appear on games published prior to their discontinuation. Reissued games that were originally rated when the now-discontinued descriptors were used by the ESRB may still contain such descriptors on their packaging.

*Animated Blood and Gore — Cartoon or pixelated images of blood or the mutilation of body parts.
*Animated Violence — Cartoon or pixelated scenes depicting animated characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.
*Gambling — Betting-like behavior.
*Gaming — Betting-like behavior.
*Mild Animated Violence — Mild cartoon or pixelated scenes depicting animated characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.
*Mild Realistic Violence — Mild photographic-like detailed depictions of characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.
*Reading Skills, Fine Motor Skills, Higher-Level Thinking Skills — These phrases are found only on products rated Early Childhood and indicate whether children's reading, computer, or other skills are used in these titles.
*Realistic Blood — Photographic-like detailed depictions of blood.
*Realistic Blood and Gore — Photographic-like detailed depictions of blood or the mutilation of body parts.
*Realistic Violence — Photographic-like detailed depictions of characters in unsafe and/or violent situations.

Rating process

To obtain a rating for a game, a publisher sends the ESRB videotaped footage of the most graphic and extreme content found in the game. The publisher also fills out a questionnaire describing the game's content and pays a fee based on the game's development cost: [cite web|url=http://pig-min.com/tt/611|title=관계자들의 말씀 1. 한국의 게임위는 '플래시 게임'까지 심의를 하겠다고 한다. 그렇다면 미국의 ESRB는 어떨까? (추가)|language=Korean|date=2007-06-06|accessdate=2008-06-25]
* $800 fee for development costs under USD $250k
* $4,000 fee for development costs over $250k

On its website, the ESRB states that three trained raters, working independently, watch the footage and recommend a rating. If all raters agree on the rating, content descriptors are added and the ESRB notifies the publisher of its decision. If there is no consensus, additional raters review the footage and materials, or the majority opinion rules. After the rating is agreed upon, the ESRB in-house personnel review the footage and all materials to ensure that all information is accurate and a certificate is sent to the publisher. However, that decision is not final. If the publisher wishes, they may edit the game and resubmit the footage and questionnaire in order to achieve a lower rating, or appeal the information. If this is the case, the process begins anew. The publisher may also appeal the game's rating if they wish. The appeals committee is composed of entertainment software industry representatives.

When the game is ready for release, the publisher sends copies of the final version of the game to the ESRB. The game packaging is reviewed, and the ESRB says that its in-house personnel randomly play games to ensure that all the information provided during the rating process was complete and accurate. Penalties may apply to the publisher if it is eventually found, either through the in-house personnel's playing or consumer comments that the game's content is more extreme than the publisher stated in its application.

The identities of the ESRB raters are kept confidential and selected randomly from a pool of full-time ESRB employees who live in the New York City area. According to an ESRB introductory brochure from 1994: "The raters represent a wide range of backgrounds, races, and ages and have no ties to the interactive entertainment industry. Raters include retired school principals, parents, professionals, and other individuals from all walks of life."

Background and history

As videogaming progressed into the 16-bit era, graphics and sound capabilities were dramatically increased. Blood and gore was much clearer and vibrant than 8-bit games. For example blood in an 8-bit game may look blocky and pixelated while in 16-bit it can be a fluid graphic that can easily be identified. After the release of games such as "Mortal Kombat", "Doom", "Night Trap" and "Lethal Enforcers" (which used the Konami Justifier), there was much controversy over video game content. Congressional hearings on video game violence and the corruption of society, headed by Joe Lieberman and Herb Kohl were held in late 1992 to 1993. The result of the hearings was that the entertainment software industry was given one year to form a workable rating system or the federal government would intervene and create its own system. Around this time, the Videogame Rating Council (VRC) was formed by Sega of America to rate mostly its own games. In 1993, the Interactive Digital Software Association (IDSA) was formed. Also in 1993, the 3DO Company formed their own rating system for games released on the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer called the 3DO Rating System. In 1994, the Recreational Software Advisory Council (RSAC) was formed by the Software Publishers Association. However, because of some criticismsFact|date=July 2008 of the both the VRC and RSAC, the VRC was phased out in 1994 and RSAC in 1999. On July 29, 1994 the proposal from the IDSA for a rating system, the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) was presented in CongressFact|date=July 2008 and approvedFact|date=July 2008. In September 1994, the ESRB was established and became the officialFact|date=July 2008 rater of video games in the United States. At this time, many companies who produced computer games such as LucasArts, Sierra On-Line and 3D Realms continued to follow the RSAC system as they were members of the SPA. Eventually, all companies, including 3DO, agreed to follow the ESRB ratings.

Initially, there were five different ratings: Early Childhood, Kids to Adults, Teen, Mature and Adults Only. Shortly thereafter, the Informational and Edutainment descriptors were added. In 1996, the rating icons were altered so that it would be more clear who rated the product (this can be seen in the image of the Mature icon above). On January 1, 1998, the Kids to Adults rating was replaced with Everyone. Also in 1998, the Entertainment Software Rating Board Interactive (ESRBi) was formed which rated websites and online games. In late 1999, in order to make the rating symbols more legible, the pixelated rating icons were replaced with black and white icons. Beginning in early 2001, and continuing for the next couple of years, several of the content descriptors were retired and replaced. Content descriptors with "Animated" or "Realistic" in them had those portions removed. Also, the "Skills" descriptors used for the Early Childhood rating were removed as well. A short time later, the Gaming descriptor was changed to Gambling, which itself was split into Real and Simulated Gambling in the following years.

In mid 2003, the ESRBi was closed down. On June 26, 2003, the content descriptors were made larger and more legible and newer, more thorough descriptors for violence (Cartoon, Fantasy, Intense) were added as well as a descriptor for Mature Humor. Also, the Mature and Adults Only icons had a 17+ and 18+ added to their title band in order to clearly signify the age appropriateness. On March 2, 2005, after conferring with academicians and child development experts; the Everyone 10+ rating was introduced. [A majority of the information in this section was obtained from the archived [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.esrb.org ESRB website] , available at Internet Archive.] Originally, raters were hired on a part-time basis; as of April 2007, the ESRB employs raters full-time. [ [http://www.gamespot.com/news/6166197.html "ESRB hiring full-time raters"] - GameSpot News, 2007-2-21.]

Criticism and controversy

Violence and the AO rating

ESRB has often been accused of not rating games harshly enough for violence and other related themes. Games such as "Harvester", "Manhunt", "Rise of the Triad" and "Soldier of Fortune" as well as "Grand Theft Auto IV" have shown gruesome violence, yet received the M rating. Many critics have claimed that these games deserve the AO rating [ [http://money.cnn.com/2003/11/26/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/ Snuff games and ratings] - CNNMoney.com, November 26, 2003.] and were given the M for commercial reasons. [ [http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200610/N06.1004.1635.57594.htm The Ratings Game: The Controversy Over The ESRB] - Game Informer magazine, August 2006.] "Rise of the Triad" in particular, received the highest violence descriptor: "Wanton and gratuitous violence" from the RSAC, which was mitigated by being rated M by the ESRB. However, in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Ontario, their respective provincial governments re-rated "Soldier of Fortune" and "Manhunt" as Restricted (not to be confused with the aforementioned R rating). [ [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/03/04/manhunt040304.html Ontario slaps 'R' rating on video game ] ] The ESRB has only given out the AO rating solely for violence twice: once for "The Punisher" [ [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000874859 "Video game rating board don't get no respect"] - Paul Hyman, The Hollywood Reporter, April 8, 2005.] and the second time for "Manhunt 2". [ [http://www.gamespot.com/news/6172743.html "Manhunt 2 receives AO rating"] - GameSpot News, 2007-06-19.] However, both games were edited before release in order to qualify for the M category.Fact|date=June 2007 Another game, "Thrill Kill", received an AO rating with content descriptors for Animated Violence and Animated Blood and Gore. It was never released after the original publisher, Virgin Entertainment, was purchased by Electronic Arts who was more concerned about the adult content. [cite news |url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-512347.html |title=EA kills 'Thrill Kill' game before release |publisher=ZDNet |date=1998-10-15 |accessdate=2006-12-18] The violence in "Thrill Kill" was a concern to the ESRB as it was sexualized, with sadomasochistic activities.

Critics have claimed that the ESRB will only rate games AO if they have sexual content in them, no matter how much violence is present. Twenty-five products have been given the AO rating. One was given it for unsimulated online gambling. The rest were given it for sexual content and/or nudity. One game, "Mass Effect" featured as many as two sexual scenes and was still passed as an M, leading to controversy on Fox News. Another, "God of War", came with many different sex scences, and, unlike Mass Effect, it was not the subject to controversies or protests. One of the games with "Strong Sexual Content" as a content descriptor also had "Realistic Blood & Gore", "Riana Rouge", and another one had "Violence", "Critical Point". "Critical Point" is an eroge, and "Riana Rouge" has Playboy Playmates in softcore sex scenes which leads some critics to believe that these games were rated AO because of sex, not violence. This criticism is shared with the movie rating systems. "Lula 3D" contains descriptors for "Blood", "Strong Language" and "Violence" in addition to sexually explicit material. ' also received the AO rating. While the game contains content identical to the original North American version titled "Indigo Prophecy" ("Blood", "Strong Language", "Use of Drugs and Alcohol" and "Violence"), the only content which was added in the director's cut version was sex scenes with nudity, one of which was interactive. Much like "Fahrenheit", ' received an AO rating because interactive sex scenes could be accessed in the game. Some critics believed that the ESRB in-house personnel may have overreacted to the attention the game received from the federal government and that the mini-game (which contained no nudity) was not explicit enough to have been re-rated. It should be noted that many adult oriented products, including erotica, have actually received M ratings. [Examples: "Babes of Summer Jigsaw Puzzles", "Beverly Hills Models", "", "Club 21", "Club Royal - The Exclusive Striptease Club of the Beyond", "Cyber Photographer and Printshop", "Fantasy Vixens Jigsaw Puzzles", "The Girls of Paradise Cove", "The Guy Game", "Leisure Suit Larry series" 1-7, "Malibu Models", "Playboy Screensaver II", "Tabloid Beauties", "TV's Lifeguard Babes"] However, these products are not carried by major retailers (and many are usually grouped with adult products anyway) because of the sexual content. Other video games such as "The Sims" have had questionable ratings not for violence or sexual aspects, but for other attributes including the ability to control the computer characters' lives. One study reported that young boys even found the game too mature for them because you can force simulated family members to kiss, starve, urinate themselves, and even die. [ Olson, Cheryl K., Lawrence A. Kutner, and Dorothy E. Warner. "The Role of Violent Game Content in Adolescent Development." "Journal of Adolescent Research 23 (2008):55-75.]

Hidden content

In 2005, members of the mod community discovered that "" for Windows could be modified to unlock an incomplete sex mini-game known as "Hot Coffee", which Rockstar North had decided to leave out of the final game. California State Assemblyman Leland Yee used the situation to rebuke both Rockstar and the ESRB and argued that the ESRB was not doing its job properly. U.S. Senators Hillary Clinton and Joe Lieberman, a video game censorship advocate, also expressed their disapproval. Rockstar initially claimed that the mini-game was created by the mod community and was not a part of the original game. However, their stance changed when it was discovered that a third-party cheat device could be used to unlock the "Hot Coffee" scenes in console versions of the game. Shortly after, Rockstar conceded that the sex mini-game was in all released versions of the game, albeit inaccessible without third-party modification. [cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4702737.stm |title=Hidden sex scenes hit GTA rating |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-07-21 |accessdate=2006-12-18] The ESRB responded to the controversy by re-evaluating the game and changing its rating from M to AO, setting a precedent that games can be re-rated based on external factors such as third-party cheat devices. Although this made "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas" the best selling game to receive an AO rating, Rockstar soon released a patch that disabled the modification on PC versions and re-released the game as "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Second Edition". The new release disabled all access to the "Hot Coffee" mini-game and was given the game's original M rating by the ESRB as a result.

In 2006, "" had its rating changed from T to M due to "more detailed depictions of blood and gore than were considered in the original rating, as well as a mod that, if accessed through a third-party modification to the PC version of the game, allows the user to play with topless versions of female characters."Fact|date=November 2007 The game's publisher decided not to remaster or re-release the game to remove the hidden texture, stating that it believed the original rating was the most accurate assessment of what parents should expect from the game, since the texture was intended to be inaccessible to players. However, this texture was actually only used to provide a non-clipping texture for some armor types. [cite web |url=http://www.esrb.org/about/news/downloads/oblivion_release_5.3.06.pdf |title=ESRB Changes Rating For The Elder Scrolls IV: OblivionFrom Teen to Mature |publisher=ESRB |date=2006-05-03 |accessdate=2006-12-18] [cite news |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6148897.html |title=Oblivion rerated M for Mature |last=Sinclair |first=Brendan |publisher=GameSpot News |date=2006-05-03 |accessdate=2006-12-18] [cite news |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6148925.html |title=Bethesda responds to Oblivion rerating |publisher=GameSpot News |date=2006-05-03 |accessdate=2006-12-18]

Rockstar Games' "Manhunt 2" was postponed for three months in the United States as well as several other countries and continents due to uncensored relentless violence and gore. The game was given an initial AO rating by the ESRB and received a revised M rating after numerous edits. It was released on October 31, 2007. Less than a week after the release, it was discovered that it was possible to modify the PS2 and PSP versions of the game to erase the patches that censored the violent content. Rockstar Games has since claimed that even with the unauthorized patches that remove some of the screen blurring that many of the scenes were toned down from the original version submitted to the ESRB for rating. Following that, the ESRB chose not to change the game's rating after the drawn-out process of giving it the M rating.

News leaks

The ESRB typically posts rating information for new titles on its website 30 days after the rating process is complete. This can cause the existence of a title to become public information before the game is officially announced. As a result, the ESRB has implemented a process by which publishers with concerns about this practice can request that information about the game not be posted to the ESRB's website until a specific date. [cite news |url=http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11025&Itemid=2 |title=ESRB Reins In Premature Game Leaks |last=Graft |first=Kris|publisher=Next Generation News |date=2008-06-19 |accessdate=2008-06-19]

Blocking content

On March 16, 2006, the ESRB gained, in an agreement with the video game software industry, the ability to restrict video game advertising "to consumers for whom the product is not rated as appropriate." [https://www.esrb.org/ratings/principles_guidlines.jsp Entertainment Software Rating Board Principles and Guidelines for Responsible Advertising Practices] As a result, online retailers like Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and the Wii Shop Channel bar minors from downloading game demos or trailers for games rated Mature or Rating Pending. [ [http://majornelson.com/archive/2007/12/26/demos-trailers-and-you.aspx#comments Demos, Trailers and you - Xbox Lives Major Nelson ] ]

References

ee also

*Federal Communications Commission
*Censorship
*Censorship in the United States
*Motion Picture Association of America film rating system: the United States film industry equivalent to ESRB
*Pan European Game Information (PEGI): used in many European countries, not associated with the European Union
*Television content rating systems

International rating systems

*Australia - Office of Film and Literature Classification
*Europe (excluding Germany) - Pan European Game Information
*Finland - Finnish Board of Film Classification
*Germany - Voluntary Monitoring Organisation of Entertainment Software
*Japan - Computer Entertainment Rating Organization
*New Zealand - Office of Film and Literature Classification
*United Kingdom - British Board of Film Classification

External links

* [http://www.esrb.org/ Official Website] - ESRB.org
* [http://www.esrb.org/ratings/ratings_guide.jsp The ESRB Game Ratings & Descriptor Guide]