Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)

Kaddish is the third symphony of Leonard Bernstein. The 1963 symphony is a dramatic work written for a large orchestra, a full choir, a boys' choir, a soprano soloist and a narrator. The name of the piece, "Kaddish", refers to the Jewish prayer that is chanted at every synagogue service for the dead but never mentions "death."

This often-neglected symphony is dedicated to the memory of John F. Kennedy who was assassinated on November 22, 1963, just weeks before the first performance of the symphony. Though some see the symphony as a reaction to the Holocaust, there is no documented basis for this view.

Instrumentation

=The revised version is scored for:
*speaker
*soprano solo
*mixed choir (SATB)
*boys' choir
*4 flutes (3rd doubling alto flute, 4th doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, english horn, alto saxophone, clarinet in E-flat, 2 clarinets in B-flat and A, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, trumpet in D, 3 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, tuba, harp, piano, celesta, a large percussion section consisting of: 5 timpani, vibraphone, xylophone, glockenspiel, 3 side drums (snare drum, field drum, tenor drums), bass drum, hand drum (Israeli), 2 suspended cymbals, 1 pair crash cymbals, finger cymbals, antique cymbals (E, G, B, C), tamtam, 3 bongos, 3 temple blocks, wood block, sandpaper blocks, rasp, whip, ratchet, triangle, maracas, claves, tambourine, chimes, and standard strings consisting of first and second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

Structure

I : Invocation - Kaddish 1

The text begins with a narrator addressing "My Father" (ie, God) and states that he wants to pray a kaddish. After the initial approach to the Father in prayer, a chorus sings his "kaddish" in Aramaic. At the end, the narrator repeats the final words of the prayer:::"Amen! Amen! Did You hear that, Father?"::"Sh’ama raba! May abundant peace Descend on us. Amen."The speaker then questions why he would allow such disorder in mankind's lives, suggesting that surely he must have the power to change it.

II : Din-Torah - Kaddish 2

The prayer escalates into a confrontation with the Father (who never replies in the symphony), and in a "certain respectful fury", accusing him of violating his promise with mankind. One of the more poignant texts from the symphony comes from this movement:

::"Are You listening, Father? You know who I am:"::"Your image; that stubborn reflection of You"::"That Man has shattered, extinguished, banished."::"And now he runs free—free to play"::"With his new-found fire, avid for death,"::"Voluptuous, complete and final death."::"Lord God of Hosts, I call You to account!"::"You let this happen, Lord of Hosts!"::"You with Your manna, Your pillar of fire!"::"You ask for faith, where is Your own?"::"Why have You taken away Your rainbow,"::"That pretty bow You tied round Your finger"::"To remind You never to forget Your promise?"

::"For lo, I do set my bow in the cloud ..."::"And I will look upon it, that I"::"May remember my everlasting covenant ..."::"Your covenant! Your bargain with Man!"::"Tin God! Your bargain is tin!"::"It crumples in my hand!"::"And where is faith now—Yours or mine?"

The speaker calms down, speaks softly and suggests that he comfort God. A wonderful soprano solo conveys a lullaby, intended to help the speaker rock God gently to sleep, after which the speaker will help God dream.

III : Scherzo - Kaddish 3 - Finale. Fugue-Tutti

The scherzo is a fast-tempo dream sequence. God has fallen asleep and the narrator paints a dream. God is no longer in control and the narrator has full power to bring God on this journey through his own imagination. The speaker begins by painting what God has made:::"This is Your Kingdom of Heaven, Father,"::"Just as You planned it."::"Every immortal cliché intact."::"Lambs frisk. Wheat ripples."::"Sunbeams dance. Something is wrong."::"The light: flat. The air: sterile."::"Do You know what is wrong?"::"There is nothing to dream."::"Nowhere to go. Nothing to know."

The narrator then proceeds to show God that he is in control of this dream.::"Now behold my Kingdom of Earth!"::"Real-life marvels! Genuine wonders!"::"Dazzling miracles! ..."::"Look, a Burning Bush"::"Look, a Fiery Wheel!"::"A Ram! A Rock! Shall I smite it? There!"::"It gushes! It gushes! And I did it!"::"I am creating this dream!"::"Now will You believe?"A burning bush and gushing rock refer to some of the miracles described in the Old Testament. The narrator next places a rainbow in the sky, in parallel to the story of Noah, when God placed a rainbow in the sky to institute a new covenant with man. In loud triumph and anger, the speaker declares:::"Look at it, Father: Believe! Believe!"::"Look at my rainbow and say after me:"::"MAGNIFIED ... AND SANCTIFIED ..."::"BE THE GREAT NAME OF MAN!"

After showing God the problems in the world, he helps God believe in the new arrangement. The music builds to an amazing climax, crowned with the entrance of a boy's choir singing the phrase "Magnified and sanctified be His great name, Amen" in Hebrew.

The pace of the music slows down, as the narrator has finished his dream. He wakes God and God then confronts the reality of the image. The narrator, satisfied that God has seen His errors, beams:::"Good morning, Father. We can still be immortal,"::"You and I, bound by our rainbow."::"That is our covenant, and to honor it"::"Is our honor ... not quite the covenant"::"We bargained for, so long ago."

The narration ends with a commitment from both sides, God and Human, to "Suffer and recreate each other."

Though there is a resolution to the struggle, the music does not end triumphant and grand. Instead, it ends in a final "kaddish" by the choir and the final chord is dissonant, suggesting that all is still not right and more work must be done.

Performance of the Symphony

The Symphony was first performed in Tel Aviv, Israel on December 10, 1963 with Bernstein conducting the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, Jennie Tourel (mezzo soprano), Hannah Rovina (narrator) and the choruses under Abraham Kaplan. In this original version of the Kaddish Symphony, Bernstein specified that the narrator be female. The work was generally received with great enthusiasm in Israel.

The American premiere of the work took place soon afterwards on January 10, 1964 in Boston with Charles Munch conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the New England Conservatory Chorus and the Columbus Boychoir, again with Ms. Tourel (mezzo), but now with Felicia Montealegre (narrator). The American reactions to the work were decidedly mixed, ranging from highly favorable to vitriolic.

In 1977 Bernstein revised the symphony, saying: "I was not satisfied with the original (version). There was too much talk. The piece is...(now) tighter and shorter." With the revision, Bernstein no longer specified the gender of the narrator, and recordings featuring both male and female narrators have been made. In the first recording below (which is of the original version for female narrator), the narrator was Bernstein's wife, Felicia Montealegre, whereas in the second and third recordings below (which were of the revised work), the narrators were men, Michael Wager and Willard White.

During a performance of the Kaddish Symphony at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. on March 17, 1981, reportedly Bernstein wept profusely. This strong emotion did not interfere with his conducting of the piece. Later he reported privately that he had seen, floating above the stage in front of the great organ pipes, the spirits of John and Robert Kennedy and his wife Felicia.

The Kaddish Symphony now is often narrated by Samuel Pisar, who wrote a new text for it describing his experience with the Holocaust, when all of his family suffered, and most perished. Pisar wrote this version of the text for the Kaddish Symphony "in memory of Leonard Bernstein, a beloved friend."

Recordings of the Symphony

* First recording, with Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic, Columbus Boychoir and Camerata Singers with Jennie Tourel (mezzo soprano) and Felicia Montealegre (narrator) (Sony 60595)
* Second recording, with Bernstein conducting the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra and Vienna Boys' Choir with Montserrat Caballé (soprano) and Michael Wager (narrator) (Deutsche Grammophon 463462)
* Third recording, with Gerard Schwarz conducting the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Choir, Liverpool Cathedral Choir and Liverpool Philharmonic Youth Choir with Yvonne Kenny (soprano) and Willard White (narrator) (Naxos 8559456)