Police state

The term police state describes a state in which the government exercises rigid and repressive controls over the social, economic and political life of the population. A police state typically exhibits elements of totalitarianism and social control, and there is usually little or no distinction between the law and the exercise of political power by the executive.

The inhabitants of a police state experience restrictions on their mobility, and on their freedom to express or communicate political or other views, which are subject to police monitoring or enforcement. Political control may be exerted by means of a secret police force which operates outside the boundaries normally imposed by a constitutional republic. ["A Dictionary of World History", Market House Books, Oxford University Press, 2000.]

Classification of a police state

The classification of a country or regime as a police state is usually contested and debated. Because of the pejorative connotation of the term, it is rare that a country will identify itself as a police state. The classification is often established by an internal whistleblower or an external critic or activist group. The use of the term is motivated as a response to the laws, policies and actions of that regime, and is often used pejoratively to describe the regime's concept of the social contract, human rights, and similar matters.

Genuine police states are fundamentally authoritarian, and are often dictatorships. However the degree of government repression varies widely among societies. Most regimes fall into some middle ground between the extremes of pure civil libertarianism and pure policestatism.

In times of national emergency or war, the balance which may usually exist between freedom and national security often tips in favour of security. This shift may lead to allegations that the nation in question has become, or is becoming, a police state.

Because there are different political perspectives as to what an appropriate balance is between individual freedom and national security, there are no definitive objective standards to determine whether the term "police state" applies to a particular nation at any given point in time. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate objectively the truth of allegations that a nation is, or is becoming, a police state. One way to view the concept of the police state and the free state is through the medium of a balance or scale, where any law focused on removing liberty is seen as moving towards a police state, and any law which limits government oversight is seen as moving towards a free state. ["Police State (Key Concepts in Political Science)", Brian Chapman, Macmillan, 1971.]

War is often portrayed in fiction as a perfect precursor to establishing a police state, as citizens are more dependent on their government and the police for safety than usual (see Fictional police states below).

Enlightened absolutism

Under the political model of enlightened absolutism, the ruler is the "highest servant of the state" and exercises absolute power to provide for the general welfare of the population. This model of government proposes that all the power of the state must be directed toward this end, and rejects codified, statutory constraints upon the ruler's absolute power. Thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes supported this type of absolutist government.

As the enlightened, absolute ruler is said to be charged with the public good, and implicitly infallible by right of appointment, even critical, loyal opposition to the ruler's party is a crime against the state. The concept of loyal opposition is incompatible with these politics. As public dissent is forbidden, it inevitably becomes secret, which, in turn, is countered with political repression via a secret police.

Liberal democracy, which emphasizes the rule of law, focuses on the police state's not being subject to law. Robert von Mohl, who first introduced the rule of law to German jurisprudence, contrasted the "Rechtsstaat" ("legal" or "constitutional" state) with the aristocratic "Polizeistaat" ("police state"). ["The Police State", Chapman, B., Government and Opposition, Vol.3:4, 428-440, (2007). Accessible online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119912141/abstract, retrieved 15th August 2008.]

Examples of police state-like attributes

As previously discussed, it is not possible to objectively determine whether a nation has become or is becoming a police state. As a consequence, to draw up an exhaustive list of police states would be inherently flawed. However, there are a few highly debated examples which serve to illustrate partial characteristics of a police state's structure. These examples are listed below.

The South African apartheid system is generally considered to have been a police state despite having been nominally a democracy (albeit with the native, Black African majority population excluded from the democracy).

Nazi Germany, a dictatorship, was, at least initially, brought into being through a nominal democracy, yet exerted repressive controls over its people.

In Cuba, 22 journalists who attempted to publicise non-government authorised news remain imprisoned. Arrested in March 2003, the journalists are serving prison terms of up to 27 years. It is also reported that journalists not in prison are frequently threatened with the same fate. [cite news | title = Press Group Warns of Specious New Arrests of Cuban Journalists | url = http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/September/200609191047371xeneerg0.8746454.html | publisher = America.gov |date=2006-09-19 | accessdate = 2008-07-23]

Paris-based Reporters Without Borders ranked North Korea last out of 168 countries in a test of press freedom. [cite news | title = North Korea Rated World's Worst Violator of Press Freedom | url = http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/October/200610251320011xeneerg0.7926294.html | publisher = America.gov |date=2006-10-25 | accessdate = 2008-07-23] It has been reported that the only TV channel in North Korea predominately eulogises the country's present leader Kim Jong Il and his father (and previous leader) Kim Il Sung. As a result, some locals in Pyongyang have been quoted as stating that their leaders are gods. [cite news | title = Life in the secret state | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1519045.stm | publisher = BBC News |date=2001-09-01 | accessdate = 2008-07-23]

The United Kingdom is felt by some to be moving quickly in the direction of a police state, [cite news | title = Britain 'sliding into police state'| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/28/terrorism.humanrights1 | publisher = The Guardian |date=2005-01-28 | accessdate = 2008-05-12] with biometric identity cards, [cite news | title = The introduction of ID Cards| url = http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/passports-and-immigration/id-cards/ | publisher = UK Government Home Office |date= | accessdate = 2008-08-15] [cite news | title = NO2ID - UK Anti-ID Card Campaign| url = http://www.no2id.net/ | publisher = UK Government Home Office |date= | accessdate = 2008-08-15] continuous surveillance and long term detainment without trial all having been introduced by the government. The UK has been described as "the most surveilled country". [cite news | title = Britain is 'surveillance society'| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6108496.stm | publisher = BBC News |date=2006-11-02 | accessdate = 2008-08-14] Peaceful protests within a half-mile radius of the Houses of Parliament are illegal in the UK unless authorised by the Metropolitan Police. [cite news | title = Arrests at Parliament protest ban| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4742589.stm | publisher = BBC News |date=2005-08-07 | accessdate = 2008-08-14] Claims of police state behaviour have been dismissed by the UK government. [cite news | title = No 10 rejects police state claim| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6342277.stm | publisher = BBC News |date=2007-02-08 | accessdate = 2008-05-12]

The United States has been accused of moving towards a police state. On June 27, 2002 US Congressman Ron Paul said in the House of Representatives:

"...'Is America a Police State?' My answer is: 'Maybe not yet, but it is fast approaching.'" [cite news | title = Is America a Police State?| url = http://www.house.gov/paul/congrec/congrec2002/cr062702.htm | publisher = US House of Representatives |date=2002-06-27 | accessdate = 2008-05-12]

There has also been criticism of the US over the use of mass surveillance. Compulsory vaccinations are also in use. [cite news | title = CRS Report for Congress - Mandatory Vaccinations: Precedent and Current Laws| url = http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RS21414.pdf | publisher = Federation of American Scientists|date=2005-01-18 | accessdate = 2008-08-15] ["Public health strategy and the police powers of the state.", Galva, J. E., Atchison, C., Levey, S., Public Health Rep. 2005;120 Suppl 1:20-7.] ["Bioterrorism Defense: Are State Mandated Compulsory Vaccination Programs an Infringement upon a Citizen's Constitutional Rights?", Kohrs, B., Journal of Law and Health, Vol. 17, (2002).]

Fictional police states

George Orwell's novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" describes Britain under a socialist totalitarian régime that continuously invokes (and helps to create) a perpetual war. This perpetual war is used as a pretext for subjecting the people to mass surveillance and invasive police searches. The state destroys not only the literal freedom "after" action and thought meant by expressions like "freedom of thought", but also literal freedom of thought.

Yevgeny Zamyatin's novel "We" depicts a dystopia in which the walls are made out of glass, the only means of getting information is the state newspaper, and imaginations are forcibly removed from people.

Sinclair Lewis' "It Can't Happen Here" satirically details the rise of fascism in the 1930s United States.

The ten-part graphic novel "V for Vendetta", by Alan Moore and David Lloyd, tells the story of a masked freedom fighter's efforts to subvert the fascist Norsefire Party that has gained control of the United Kingdom. (See also the film of the same name.)

=See also=
*Dictatorship
*List of forms of government
*Martial Law, the suspension of normal civil law during periods of emergency
*Military dictatorship
*Nanny state
*Night watchman state
*Rechtsstaat (Dutch)
*Religious Police
*Social control
*Totalitarianism

Notes

External links

* [http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Amnesty international, 2005;] — annual report on human rights violations.
* [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=britt_23_2 Council for Secular Humanism article describing attributes of police states]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1575532,00.html David Mery, September 22 2005; "The Guardian"] — example of "police state" defined in a modern context.