Ninth Ward of New Orleans

The Ninth Ward or 9th Ward is a distinctive region of New Orleans, Louisiana that is located in the easternmost downriver portion of the city. It is geographically the largest of the 17 Wards of New Orleans.

On the south the Ninth Ward is bounded by the Mississippi River. On the western or "up river" side, the Ninth Ward is bounded by (going from the Mississippi River north to Lake Pontchartrain) Franklin Avenue, then Almonaster Avenue, then People's Avenue. From the north end of People's Avenue the boundary continues on a straight line north to Lake Pontchartrain; this line is the boundary between the Ninth and the city's Eighth Ward. Lake Pontchartrain forms the north and northeastern end of the ward. Saint Bernard Parish is the boundary to the southeast, Lake Borgne further southeast and east, and the end of Orleans Parish to the east at The Rigolets.

Notable landmarks in this region include the Lakefront Airport, the Industrial Canal, and the Doullut Steamboat Houses. Some of these landmarks and the region containing them were given a great deal of exposure by films and cinema. Since then, it has become commonplace for many artists to mention the Ninth Ward in their songs.

While there is substantial overlap, the 9th Ward should not be confused with city planning designation of the ninth planning district of New Orleans. The 9th Ward includes land in planning districts 7, 8, 10, and 11 (not to be confused with the 7th, 8th, 10th, and 11th wards .) [1]

Among the famous natives and residents of the 9th Ward are music legend Fats Domino, rappers Brian "Baby" Williams and Magic, NBA basketball player Eldridge Recasner, NFL Player Marshall Faulk, authors Kalamu ya Salaam and Poppy Z. Brite, actor John Larroquette, trumpeter Kermit Ruffins, and the prominent Baptiste musical family.

Monument arch commemorating 9th Warders who served in World War I is in the Bywater neighborhood of the 9th Ward

Neighborhoods of the Ninth Ward

The Ninth Ward can broadly be divided into three sections, from where the ward is divided from north to south by the Industrial Canal, and where the area east of the Industrial Canal is divided east to west by the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway/Mississippi River Gulf Outlet.

Lower 9th Ward

Main article: Lower Ninth Ward

The smallest of these pieces is the area south and east of these canals. The portion of the Ninth Ward along the river down-river from the Industrial Canal stretching to the St. Bernard line is called the "Lower 9th Ward" or "Lower Ninth". It includes the Holy Cross neighborhood, the twin Doullut Steamboat Houses and the Jackson Barracks, which was largely White in the past, but is now known for its high portion of working-class black home ownership.

Upper 9th Ward

The area west or "above" the Canal has sometimes been called the "Upper Ninth Ward." Such distinctions arose when the Industrial Canal bisected the neighborhood in the 1920s.

The portion of the Ninth Ward along the riverfront between Faubourg Marigny and the Industrial Canal is known as Bywater.

Further back are the St. Claude and Florida area neighborhoods, then the Desire neighborhood. This part of the Ward contains two of the Housing Projects of New Orleans. The Desire neighborhood was home to the large Desire Projects, until they were demolished concurrent with HOPE VI policy. Just across Florida avenue from that is the Florida Projects. Nearby was the Agriculture Street Landfill, an old city dump that was covered over and made into a neighborhood of low income housing, then became a Superfund toxic cleanup site.

Other neighborhoods to the West of the Canal include Gentilly Woods, and Pontchartrain Park. Southern University at New Orleans and New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary is in the neighborhood of Gentilly.

On Friday, January 6, 2006, the governing board for New Orleans public schools approved the sale 8 acres (32,000 m²) of surplus property in the Upper 9th Ward to the New Orleans Area Habitat for Humanity. Habitat for Humanity is working with Harry Connick Jr. and Branford Marsalis on a Musicians' Village. The Musicians' Village will include Habitat-constructed homes, with an Ellis Marsalis Center for Music, as the centerpiece of the area. The Habitat-built homes will provide musicians of modest means the opportunity to buy decent, affordable housing.[2]

Some houses built in Musician's Village have been found by investigative news website Propublica to have toxic drywall from China, and many occupants have had to have their new homes gutted and rebuilt.^[1]

Eastern New Orleans

Main article: Eastern New Orleans

The area to the east of the Industrial Canal and north of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet is known as "Eastern New Orleans". It is also often called "New Orleans East", although this term is sometimes confined to a smaller section of this area. Neighborhoods to the east of the canal include Lake Kenilworth, Pines Village, Lake Forest East, Lake Forest West, Edgelake, Littlewoods, Plum Orchard, Bonita Park, Donna Villa, Camelot, and Village de L'Est, known for its Vietnamese community. Landmarks in this part of the city's 9th Ward include Lakefront Airport, Joe W. Brown Park, NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility, and the closed Six Flags New Orleans amusement park.

Further east in the Ward, the far eastern portion has little urban development. It includes the Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge, Chef Menteur Pass, and scattered areas of essentially rural character despite being within the city limits, like Venetian Isles, Irish Bayou and Lake Saint Catherine, and historic Fort Pike on the Rigolets.

History

Flooding after Betsy, 1965

The area along the river front was developed first, at the start of the 19th century, followed by the natural high land along Gentilly Ridge.

The designation of this area as the "9th Ward" dates from 1852, when the boundaries of the Wards of New Orleans were redrawn as part of the reorganization of the city from three municipalities into one centralized city government.

Along the lakefront were various fishing camps built on piers, the most famous collection being Little Woods. Such camps were common along the lakefront in the 19th and early 20th century, but the collection at Little Woods was the longest lasting concentration, many surviving until Hurricane Georges in 1998.

The area of the 9th Ward on the back side of St. Claude Avenue experienced the city's most significant and longest standing flooding from the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915 due to a break in the protection levee at Florida Avenue. [3]

The Industrial Canal was dredged through the neighborhood at the start of the 1920s.

Most of the area between Gentilly Ridge and Lake Pontchartrain was swamp, not drained and developed until the mid and late 20th century.

Lincoln Beach was an amusement park along the lakefront for African-Americans during the era of racial segregation. The nearby "Pontchartrain Beach" was the corresponding amusement area for whites.

Parts of the 9th Ward flooded during Hurricane Flossy in 1956, and the Lower 9th Ward experienced catastrophic flooding in Hurricane Betsy in 1965.

Hurricane Katrina

22 December 2005 view inland from the inner (southern) of the two major breaches in the lower side of the Industrial Canal levee & flood wall into the Lower 9th Ward, one of the more famous of the multiple levee failures which devastated much of the Ward at the time of Hurricane Katrina

The 9th Ward neighborhood was thrust into the nation's spotlight during Hurricane Katrina. Much of the 9th Ward on both sides of the Industrial Canal experienced catastrophic flooding in Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans). The majority of the damage was caused by storm surge. There were multiple severe levee breaks along both the MRGO and the Industrial Canal.

Eastern New Orleans was flooded from multiple sources. The most severe was due to multiple breaches in the MRGO to the south. Some heavy waves during the storm topped the lake levee to the north, which may have contributed to the flooding in some places. Lakefront Airport, outside the main protection levees, was heavily damaged by surge from Lake Pontchartrain. Some water also overtopped a section of the Industrial Canal levee. Most of Eastern New Orleans experienced flooding, generally all areas except the Gentilly/Chef Menteur Ridge and Michoud areas.

The Upper Ninth was flooded by levee and floodwall failures near the Desire neighborhood, across the Industrial Canal from the junction with the MRGO. Flooding in this part of the ward joined with that of the bulk of the City's east bank to the west, with water flowing in from the London Avenue Canal breaches. The old high ground of the section of Bywater on the river side of St. Claude Avenue was the only substantial neighborhood to escape significant flooding. A few areas on the very highest part of Gentilly Ridge and along the lakefront fill were also above the floodwaters.

The Lower Ninth Ward flooded most catastrophically, with storm surge coming through two large breaches in the Industrial Canal flood protection system, creating violent currents that not only flooded buildings, but smashed them and displaced them from their foundations. Floodwaters propelled the barge ING 4727 into the neighborhood on the other side of the levee from the Industrial Canal.

During several days of the hurricane aftermath, live television news coverage from reporters and anchors who had little familiarity with New Orleans frequently included misinformation, such as referring to the Lower 9th Ward simply as "the 9th Ward" and misidentifying helicopter shots of the Industrial Canal breach as the 17th Street Canal breach (which was actually at the nearly opposite end of the city.)

The Lower 9th Ward, not yet dry from Katrina, was re-flooded by Hurricane Rita a month later.

During Mardi Gras 2006, the 9th Ward was a popular spot for visitors. The national attention the area received due to the hurricane and the events following the disaster provided Carnival revelers with an additional destination during their celebration. Visitors, however, were not the only ones to venture into the area. Locals flocked to the devastated neighborhoods of the ward as well. Hundreds of people gathered near the Florida housing project in the Ninth Ward on Fat Tuesday. In the quasi-celebratory spirit of a jazz funeral, many residents made their first trip back to take part in a massive block party in their former neighborhood.

Blue house on N. Robertson St., Upper 9th Ward. The door reads, "We will be back."

Since Katrina, the 9th Ward has witnessed an uneven resurgence, with the Vietnamese community in New Orleans East establishing themselves as a dining destination and commercial hub, even as Vietnamese and other fishermen further down the Parish are suffering from the BP oil spill of April 20, 2010 and despite the projected shuttering of NASA's Michaud facility with the retirement of the current space shuttle fleet.

Roads in the 9th Ward continue to improve. Streets neglected for years in the predominantly African-American ward prior to Katrina have been resurfaced, such as St. Claude and Poland Avenues, Chartres and parts of Desire Street, but numerous smaller, neighborhood roads remain a patchwork of potholes and uneven dips and humps.

As of January 1, 2011, FEMA trailers are rare in the 9th Ward, although some persist. On some streets, a block-by-block resurgence of owner-occupancy has taken place, but on others, particularly north of Galvez and parts of the Lower 9th Ward north of Claiborne Ave., large swaths of land are vacant fields. Unoccupied, blighted houses are the only structures remaining on some blocks, over five years after flooding engulfed the region. But other areas, such as Holy Cross to the east of the Industrial Canal and the Bywater to the west, are becoming increasingly popular neighborhoods. The possible redevelopment of substantial areas in both these neighborhoods—the historic Holy Cross Academy campus, and in the Bywater the Edward Hebert Naval Support Complex—may further change the character of the 9th Ward along the river.

References

1. ^ http://www.propublica.org/article/habitat-for-humanity-headquarters-to-look-at-defective-drywall

External links

New Orleans portal

• New Orleans' Ninth Ward - slideshow by Life magazine