- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) or Finno-Ugric transcription system is a
phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the transcription ofFinno-Ugric languages . It was first published in 1901 byEemil Nestor Setälä , a Finnish linguist.
Unlike the
The basic UPA characters are based on the
General
Unlike the IPA, which is usually transcribed with upright characters, the UPA is usually transcribed with italic characters. Although many of its characters are also used in standard Latin, Greek, Cyrillic orthographies or the IPA, and are found in the corresponding
Vowels
A
Other vowels are denoted using diacritics; see the section below.
The UPA also uses three characters to denote a vowel of uncertain quality:
* denotes a vowel of uncertain quality;
* denotes a back vowel of uncertain quality;
* denotes a front vowel of uncertain quality
Consonants
The following table describes the consonants of the UPA. Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximates, and does not contain many characters of the IPA such as IPA| [ɹ] .
External links
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2419a.pdf Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS]
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