Filipino people

Infobox Ethnic group
group = Filipinos


image_caption = From left to right: An Ayta man, President Corazon Aquino, Bagobo chieftain Datu Attos, Muslim women's rights activist Yasmin Busran-Lao, President Sergio Osmeña, and actor Cesar Montano.
poptime = flagcountry|Philippinesspaces|6

91,077,287 (2007) [cite web
url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html
title=The World Factbook - Philippines
publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency
accessdate=2007-06-08]
tablehdr =
"Significant overseas populations"
Note: No data available on number of Filipino descendants in Southeast Asia-Pacific, Latin America, China and Spain (approximation for Mexico)

region1 = flagcountry|United States
pop1 = 4,000,000 (2007)
ref1 = ref_label|USA|USA|b1
region2 = flagcountry|Saudi Arabia
pop2 = 800,000 (2005)
ref2 = ref_label|SAU|SAU|a
region3 = flagcountry|Malaysia
pop3 = 352,650 (2004)
ref3 =
region4 = flagcountry|Canada
pop4 = 327,550 (2003)
ref4 = ref_label|CAN|CAN|a
region5 = flagcountry|Japan
pop5 = 300,000 (2004)
ref5 = ref_label|JPN|JPN|a
region6 = flagcountry|United Arab Emirates|name=UAE
pop6 = 250,000 (2003)
ref6 = ref_label|ARE|ARE|a
region7 = flagcountry|United Kingdom
pop7 = 200,000 (2007)
ref7 = [ [http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/sept/24/yehey/opinion/20070924opi4.html The Manila Times Internet Edition | OPINION > Filipino baby boom in the United Kingdom ] ]
region9 = flagcountry|Taiwan
pop9 = 158,116 (2003)
ref9 = ref_label|TWN|TWN|a
region10 = flagcountry|Italy
pop10 = 200,000
ref10 = ref_label|ITA|ITA|a
region11 = flagcountry|Singapore
pop11 = 136,489 (2004)
ref11 =
region12 = flagcountry|Hong Kong
pop12 = 130,810 (2005)
ref12 = ref_label|HKG|HKG|a
region13 = flagcountry|Australia
pop13 = 129,400 (2007)
ref13 = ref_label|AUS|AUS|a
region14 = flagcountry|Kuwait
pop14 = 91,789 (2004)
ref14 =
region15 = flagcountry|Republic of Ireland|name=Ireland
pop15 = 3,900 (2005)
ref15 = ref_label|IRL|IRL|a
region16 = flagcountry|Indonesia
pop16 = 68,000 (2005)
ref16 = Fact|date=April 2007
region17 = flagcountry|Qatar
pop17 = 58,358 (2004)
ref17 =
region18 = flagcountry|Germany
pop18 = 55,628 (2004)
ref18 =
region19 = flagcountry|Guam
pop19 = 45,600 (2007)
ref19 = ref_label|GWM|GWM|a
region20 = flagcountry|South Korea
pop20 = 41,000 (2004)
ref20 = ref_label|ROK|ROK|a
region21 = flagcountry|Israel
pop21 = 37,155-50,000(2004)
ref21 = cite web
url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/docs/STOCK%20ESTIMATE%202004.xls
title=Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos
format=MS Excel
publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)
year=2004
accessdate=2007-08-01] [ [http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/DailyNews/todays.asp?date=12/28/2006 Catholic News for Thursday, December 28, 2006] ] [ [http://news.pacificnews.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=482 Filipinos Won't Leave Israel] ]
region22 = flagcountry|Bahrain
pop22 = 36,718 (2004)
ref22 =
region23 = flagcountry|France
pop23 = 32,085 (2004)
ref23 =
region24 = flagcountry|Lebanon
pop24 = 30,000 (2006)
ref24 = ref_label|LBN|LBN|a
region25 = flagcountry|Austria
pop25 = 25,973 (2004)
ref25 =
region26 = flagcountry|Spain
pop26 = 25,292 (2004)
ref26 =
region27 = flagcountry|Greece
pop27 = 25,146 (2004)
ref27 =
region28 = flagcountry|Macau
pop28 = 18,447 (2004)
ref28 =
region29 = flagcountry|New Zealand
pop29 = 16,938 (2006)
ref29 = ref_label|NZL|NZL|a
region30 = flagcountry|Sweden
pop30 = 5,186 (2004)
ref30 = [Citation
url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0701_1950I02_BR_BE51ST0405.pdf
title=Efterkrigstidensinvandring och utvandring
author=Åke Nilsson
publisher=DEMOGRAFISKA RAPPORTER
year=2004
issue=5
accessdate=2008-04-05]
region31 = flagcountry|Norway
pop31 = 9,482 (2007)
ref31 = [Citation
url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef/tab-2007-05-24-05.html
title=nnvandrerbefolkningen og personer med annen innvandringsbakgrunn, etter landbakgrunn og kjønn 1. januar 2007 [Rettet 25. mai 2007 kl. 12:22.]
publisher=Statistics Norway
accessdate=2008-04-05
region32 = flagcountry|Russia
pop32 = 112
ref32 =
format=Dead link|date=June 2008 – ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3Annvandrerbefolkningen+og+personer+med+annen+innvandringsbakgrunn%2C+etter+landbakgrunn+og+kj%C3%B8nn+1.+januar+2007+%5BRettet+25.+mai+2007+kl.+12%3A22.%5D&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]} ]
languages = Filipino/Tagalog, Bikol, Cebuano, English, Hiligaynon, Ilokano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tausug, Waray-Waray, Spanish, and over 100 others
religions = Predominantly Roman Catholic Various smaller Christian denominations Significant Muslim minority, Buddhist, others
related= Taiwanese aborigines, Dayak, Indonesians, Malays, Chamorro, other Austronesians, Bisaya (not to be confused with Filipino Visayans) Filipinos or the Filipino people are the citizens of the Philippines. The term (feminine: "Filipina") may also refer to people of Philippine descent, regardless of citizenship. There are now over 100 million ethnic Filipinos worldwide.

The first "Filipinos" were Spaniards born in the Philippines, also known as "Insulares", "Criollos" or "Español Filipino" and later on to include Spanish Mestizos. In the late nineteenth century, "Filipinos" have begun to include the indigenous Austronesian population and Mestizo Sangley (Chinese Mestizos). According to historian Ambeth Ocampo, José Rizal was the first to call the Malay inhabitants "Filipinos". Today, Filipino is also used to signify the nationality and citizenship of one who is from the Philippines. This means that Filipino now may refer to the indigenous Austronesian, Hispanic, American, Arab, Japanese, and Chinese Filipinos.Harvnb|Zaide|1994|p=19]

Colloquially, Filipinos may refer to themselves as "Pinoy" (feminine: "Pinay"), which is formed by taking the last four letters of "Pilipino" and adding the diminutive suffix "-y". The word was coined by expatriate Filipino Americans during the 1920s and was later adopted by Filipinos in the Philippines.

Many Philippine languages lack /f/ as a phoneme. In these, /p/ is substituted and "Filipino" is denoted "Pilipino".

History

American anthropologist H. Otley Beyer was the first to propose that Malays who came from Malaysia populated the Philippines in a handful of waves of migration. However, most contemporary anthropologists, linguists (Blust, Reid, Ross, Pawley), and archaeologists (Bellwood) propose the opposite to be true. The majority of Filipinos are said to be descended from Austronesian-speaking migrants who arrived in what is now the Philippines from Southern China and Taiwan during the Iron Age.

The term "Malay race" was a term coined in 1795 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach to refer to the brown-skinned inhabitants of the Indian (Malay) archipelago, Oceania, Melanesia, and Australia. It was one of five other categories which Blumenbach created for classifying humans, including what he called the black race and the yellow race. Since then, anthropologists have debunked this concept, citing the complexities of human races being unable to fit into a handful of oversimplified categories. Genetically, there are no distinct units of human population and all human beings are genetically related. cite web |url=http://kennethomura.tripod.com/asian_genes/ Asian Genes link |coauthors=Asian Genes |title=Asian Genes |accessdate=2006-08-28]

The term Malay is also considered misleading because it gives the impression that the route for the populating of the Philippines was via Malaysia. Current theory holds instead that the Malays who inhabit the rest of the Malay Archipelago and mainland Malaysia are the descendants of Austronesian-speaking immigrants who first went to the Philippines. Then those Austronesian-speaking immigrants ventured further south to what are now Malaysia, Indonesia, and East Timor, as well as to the other Pacific Islands.

The earliest aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines are known as the Negrito groups. Their ancestors arrived thousands of years prior to the Austronesian-speaking migrants. Their descendants, the Aetas, constitute a very small minority of the population.

Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521, the Philippines was not united as a single nation. Instead, the inhabitants were essentially divided into ethnolinguistic tribal states, or barangays, with some acquiring cultural sophistication, including caste systems (Maharlika).

By the mid-to-late sixteenth century, the archipelago was included in the Spanish East Indies. The Spaniards called the islands "Filipinas" (Philippines) in honor of King Philip II of Spain. The first Filipinos referred to Spaniards born in the islands but would later on include the indigenous Austronesians as well.

The indigenous Austronesians were usually referred to as "indios". This was a result of Spaniards misnaming indigenous peoples of the Americas when they first reached that continent and believed they had arrived in India. By the time the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, they used the term "indio" as synonymous with "indigenous". In 1898, the constitution of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo defined "Filipino" as all persons born in the Philippines. However, the term "indio", was still being used well into the mid-part of the twentieth century, as evidenced by Roman Catholic baptismal records.

Ancestry

Majority of Filipinos are descended from Austronesian-speaking migrants who came in successive waves from the island of Taiwan, ultimately hailing from the Fujian coast of China. They are most closely related to the Ami tribe which are one of the Austronesian aborigines of Taiwan, with whom they share similar physical appearance, prehistoric culture, and certain linguistic patterns, such as grammar and vocabulary. According to the Stanford University study mentioned below, Filipino and Ami genetic composition are exactly similar, except for a tiny fraction.

More recent genetic admixtures come from migrants from Spain, Mexico, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, India, Arabian Peninsula,and China,which collectively form around 10~25% of the current Filipino population.Fact|date=June 2008

Genetic Studies

Some genetic studies, based upon very small samples of the population, have begun to provide clues to the origins of Filipino people. Much remains to be learned by larger studies of valid statistical significance about the ancestry of the various Austronesian Philippine ethnic groups.

A Stanford University study conducted during 2001 revealed that Y-chromosome Haplogroup O3-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) predominates among Filipino males. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese and Korean males. That finding is consistent with the theory that people migrated from China south into the Philippines. Another haplogroup, Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study), is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the Taiwanese Aborigines. Overall, the genetic frequencies found among Filipinos point to the Ami tribe of Taiwan as their nearest genetic relative.cite journal
coauthors=James F. Wilson, Martin Richards, Michael P. H. Stumpf,Fiona Gratrix, Stephen Oppenheimer, Peter Underhill, Vincenzo L. Pascali,Tsang-Ming Ko, David B. Goldstein1
year = 2001
title = A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania
last=Capelli
first=Cristian
journal = American journal of Human Genetics
volume = 68
pages = 432–443
url = http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf
format = pdf
accessdate = 2007-06-24
doi = 10.1086/318205
author = Capelli, C ]

A 2002 China Medical University study indicated that certain Filipinos shared a particular gene marker that is also found among Taiwanese aborigines and Indonesians, and concluded that Taiwan aborigines are of Austronesian derivation. [cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11916003&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_DocSum |title=Molecular analysis of mutations and polymorphisms of the Lewis secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase gene reveals that Taiwan aborigines are of Austronesian derivation |author=Chang JG, Ko YC, Lee JC, Chang SJ, Liu TC, Shih MC, Peng CT |publisher=Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov)]

A 2003 University of the Philippines study based on 50 participants each from the islands of Luzon and Cebu provided some insight into the various places of origin of early Filipinos. Some rare genetic markers were found which are shared by people from the different parts of Central and East Asia, reinforcing their mainland Asian origins. [cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12541330&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_DocSum |title=Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: implications for the peopling of the Philippines |accessdate=2007-03-26 |author=Miranda JJ, Sugimoto C, Paraguison R, Takasaka T, Zheng HY, Yogo Y |publisher=Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov)]

Languages

According to Ethnologue, there are more than 170 languages spoken in the country. English and Filipino are the official languages, with "Taglish" (a portmanteau of "Tag"alog and Eng"lish") as a lingua franca, and many other major regional languages also serve as working languages where English or Filipino is not as entrenched. Ilokano, for example, is widely spoken as a second language in Northern Luzon. The Cebuano is considered the lingua franca of Visayas and Mindanao.

Filipino, the national language, as of 2008 is heavily based on Tagalog with only minor contributions from other languages. The language is evolving, however, and is assimilating terminologies from various sources both national and foreign. For instance, terms used only by, say, the Bisaya (from southern Bicol, the Visayas island group, and north Mindanao) which were not generally used 20 years ago have now become part of the everyday Filipino lexicon.

Other major languages of the country include Spanish, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Chabacano, Kinaray-a, kan-kan-a-ey| benguet, Chavacano, and many others.

Diaspora

Filipinos form the largest ethnic group in the Northern Marianas Islands, the second largest in both Palau and Guam, and the second largest Asian American group in the United States. They also form significant minorities in Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Israel, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Spain, France, and even Ireland.

Filipinos in the Americas

The arrival of Filipinos in the Americas began during the Spanish colonial era. At that time, many Filipino men were hired as sailors to man ships bound for the "New World". Upon arrival, many sailors mutinied, others settled there after marrying locals.

However, Filipino migration only began in the mid-1800s, beginning with the United States. In 1903, "pensionados" arrived there as students in colleges and universities. Laws against marriage to Whites (a group which included Hispanic Americans) were enforced throughout California and the West. Starting in 1906, Filipinos were hired as laborers for plantations, farms, salmon canneries, and the like. In the post-World War II era, Filipino nurses and other health care workers began immigrating. Filipinas comprise a large portion of women who come to the U.S. via international marriage agencies [ [http://www.uscis.gov/files/article/MobRept_AppendixA.pdf The "Mail-Order Bride" Industry and its Impact on U.S. Immigration] , Robert J. Scholes.] . Many of the Filipinos who settled in the United States during the Martial Law are Spanish Filipino mestizo families whose businesses were taken over by the government.

Filipinos remain one of the largest immigrant group to date with 80,000 people migrating per annum. About 75% consist of family sponsorship or immediate relatives of American citizens while the remainder is employment-oriented. A majority of this number prefer to live in California, followed by Hawaii, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Washington, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, Alaska, Maryland and Virginia. Tagalog, on which Filipino is primarily based, is the fifth most common language spoken by Americans at home.

There is also a significant population of Filipinos in Canada, mostly belonging to Chinese Filipino ancestry Fact|date=August 2008.

Filipinos in Oceania

Filipinos have been settled in the islands of Oceania, particularly in Micronesia. Also, the vast majority of Filipino exiled patriots were sent to Oceania. As a result, they now form the largest ethnic group in the Northern Marianas Islands, as well as the second largest in both Palau and Guam. To this day, about five in ten Northern Marianas islanders have a direct Filipino ancestor.

There is also a sizeable Filipino minority in Australia, primarily settling in Sydney and New South Wales. They form roughly 1% of the Australian population, although this proportion is highly debated because of the number of Filipinos indicating "Spanish" as their ancestry Fact|date=August 2008.

ee also

*Tagalog
*Filipino mestizo
*Chinese Filipino
*Filipinos of Japanese descent
*Filipinos of Spanish descent
*South Asians in the Philippines
*Bangsamoro
*Ibanag people

*Overseas Filipino
**Filipino American
**Filipino Mexican
**Filipino Australian
**Filipino British
**Filipino Canadian
**Filipinos in Hong Kong
*Philippine nationality law
*Pinoy
*Women in the Philippines

References

*
*
*cite journal | author=Peter Bellwood | title=Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples | journal=Review of Archaeology | year=1998 | volume=18 | pages=39–48
*cite journal | author=Peter Bellwood & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas | title=Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence | journal=Current Anthropology | month=June | year=2005 | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=480–485
*cite journal | author=David Blundell | title=Austronesian Disperal | journal=Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology | year= | volume=35 | pages=1–26
*
*
*cite web | title=Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid | url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/ | accessdate=July 28 | accessyear=2005
*cite journal | author=Malcolm Ross & Andrew Pawley| title=Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | year=1993 | volume=22 | pages= 425–459| doi=10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233
*cite journal | author=John Edward Terrell| title=Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration | journal=World Archaeology | year= Dec. 2004 | volume=36 | issue=4 | pages=586–591
*Cite book |last=Zaide |first=Sonia M. |title=The Philippines: A Unique Nation |origdate=1994 |publisher=All-Nations Publishing |year=1999 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=otdEGQAACAAJ |ref=CITEREFZaide1994
*note_label|ARE|ARE|a

ARE - cite news
url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/business/2007/April/business_April715.xml&section=business
title=Jan-Feb 2007 remittances by Filipinos in Dubai grow 96pc
author=Jose N. Franco Jr
date=28 April 2007
publisher=Khaleej Tomes
accessdate=2007-05-09.
*note_label|AUS|AUS|a

AUS - cite web
url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/00FB61D4FA7DA54BCA2572360001105C?opendocument
title=Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth
year=2007
publisher=Australia Bureau of Statistics
accessdate=2007-08-08.
*note_label|CAN|CAN|a

CAN - cite web
url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm
title=Population by Ethnic Origin
publisher=Asia pacific foundation of Canada
accessdate=2007-05-08.
*note_label|GWM|GWM|a

GWM - cite web
url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html#People
title=Country Profile: Guam - People
publisher=CIA Factbook
accessdate=2007-05-12.
*note_label|HKG|HKG|a

HKG - cite web
url = http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm
title = Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 - population
accessdate = 2007-04-12
year = 2005
publisher = Central Statistics Office
*note_label|IRL|IRL|a

IRL - cite web |url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/persclassbynationality2002.htm|coauthors=Central Statistics Office Ireland|title=Principal Stastics of Ireland by nationality|accessdate=2007-04-12
*note_label|ITA|ITA|a

ITA - cite web
url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=80342
title=Microsoft training centers cater to 200,000 OFWs in Italy
author=Lawrence Casiraya
publisher=Inquirer.net
accessdate=2007-08-14.
*note_label|JPN|JPN|a

JPN - cite news
url=http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=132
title=Undocumented Filipinos cross the great divide in Japan
publisher=Philippines Today
accessdate=2007-05-09.
*note_label|LBN|LBN|a

LBN - cite news
url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250
title='Standby fund’ for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod
author=Maila Ager
publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer
date=August 3 2006
accessdate=2007-05-09.
*note_label|NZL|NZL|a

NZL - cite news
url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master
title=QuickStats About Culture and Identity
publisher=Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aoteroa
date=August 3 2006
accessdate=2007-05-12.
*note_label|ROK|ROK|a

ROK - cite news
url=http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm
title=Secretary Albert Assures Filipinos in Korea of Continued Government Protection for Their Interests
publisher=Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs
date=August 3 2006
accessdate=2007-05-12.
*note_label|SAU|SAU|a

SAU - cite web
url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm
title=International Religious Freedom Report 2005 - Saudi Arabia
year=2005
publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State
accessdate=2007-05-09.
*note_label|TWN|TWN|a

TWN - [http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c11020.htm Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality] (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.Dead link|date=December 2007|url=http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c11020.htm
*USA
**note_label|USA|USA|a1cite web
url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en
title=Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination
publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
year=2005
accessdate=2007-05-09
quote=Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination: 2,807,731.
**note_label|USA|USA|b1cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm|coauthors=United States Census Bureau|title= Background Note: Philippines|month=May|year=2007|publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs|accessdate=2007-09-02
quote=There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.