Water Yam (artist's multiple)

Water Yam is an artist's multiple by the American artist George Brecht. Originally published in Germany, June 1963 [Fluxus Codex, Hendricks, Abrams 1989, p216] in a box designed by George Maciunas and typeset by Tomas Schmitt, it has been re-published in various different countries several times since. It is now considered one of the most influential artworks released by Fluxus [Dada and Radical Art Online, [http://members.chello.nl/j.seegers1/flux_files/brecht.html] ] , the internationalist avant-garde art movement active predominantly in the sixties and seventies. The box, sometimes referred to as a "Fluxbox" or "Fluxkit", contains a large number of small printed cards, containing instructions known as "event-scores", or "fluxscores". Typically open-ended, these scores, whether performed in public, private or left to the imagination, leave a lot of space for chance and indeterminancy, forcing a large degree of interpretation upon the performers and audience.

"In some cases [event-scores] would arise out of the creation of the object, while in others the object was discovered and Brecht subsequently wrote a score for it, thus highlighting the relationship between language and perception. Or, in the words of the artist, “ensuring that the details of everyday life, the random constellations of objects that surround us, stop going unnoticed.” The event-score was as much a critique of conventional artistic representation as it was a gesture of firm resistance against individual alienation." [Dada and Radical Art Online, [http://members.chello.nl/j.seegers1/flux_files/brecht.html] ]

The work is considered an important precursor to Conceptual art.

The Scores

Early editions of "Water Yam" collected around 70 event-scores together, created over a four year period from 1959-1963. Later editions would add extra events (up to about 100), as well as a small flick book "Nut Bone. A Yamfest Movie", and white-on-black invitations to contact Brecht via a New York PO Box and arrange 'deliveries and relocations'.

Many of the scores had been used in Mail art events between 1961 and '63, occasionally hand-written, typed or hectographed, more usually typeset; often signed neatly at the bottom of the card. When Maciunas collected the scores together the typeset style was kept, but the signatures were removed. The reliance on bullet points (•) separating the performances from their title was a feature that remained consistent throughout the versions. The cards are all different sizes.

The scores divide roughly into three sections; the earliest ones, 1959-62, describe events intended to be performed (such as "Solo for Violin, Viola, Cello or Contrabass" • Polish, July 1962); a second group of scores from '62-63 tend towards describing the temporary creation of assemblages; (such as "Chair Event" • on a white chair a grater, tape measure, alphabet, flag, black and spectral colours, April 1962). The third group, also 1962-63, are more personal and abstract; (such as "Thursday" • Thursday, March 1963). When originally published, Maciunas decided to emphasize 14 of the more musical scores (such as the famous "Drip Music"; A source of dripping water and an empty vessel are arranged so that the water falls into the vessel, January 1962) by printing them on orange cards, whilst the rest (such as "Keyhole" •Through either side) were printed on Brecht's more usual plain white card.

The Origins of Event-Scores

John Cage and the Experimental Composition Classes

Brecht met the artist Robert Watts at Rutgers University in 1957, and through Watts, Allan Kaprow. The three started to meet regularly for lunch at a local branch of Howard Johnson's, New Jersey. After a meeting with John Cage organised by Brecht whilst the latter was in New Jersey hunting mushrooms [Allan Kaprow, quoted in George Brecht Events; A Heterospective, Robinson, Walter König p264] , the three men started to attend Cage's Experimental Music Composition classes at the New School for Social Research in New York. In the classes, Cage encouraged his students to use chance and games as major elements in the creation of art.

"George Brecht's understanding of an intimate situation was far greater than mine. I needed more space to really work. But George really came to life in that situation.... He became a leader; and immediately he influenced not only me, but everybody else: Jackson Maclow, Higgins, Hansen. George Segal stopped by, and so did Dine, Whitman and Oldenburg." Allan Kaprow [Allan Kaprow in conversation with Sidney Simon, early 70's. Quoted in George Brecht Events; A Heterospective, Robinson, Walter König p264]

Initially writing theatrical scores similar to Kaprow's earliest Happenings, Brecht grew increasingly dissatisfied with the didactic nature of these performances. After performing in one such piece, Cage quipped that he'd "never felt so controlled before." [Quoted in George Brecht, by Yve-Alain Bois [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_8_44/ai_n18764245/pg_2] ] prompting Brecht to pare the scores down to haiku-like statements, leaving space for radically different interpretations each time the piece was performed.

As well as Cage's constructive criticism, Brecht was becoming increasingly interested in Marcel Duchamp's theories on art, which he'd written about at length in "Chance-Imagery", a text written in 1957 but only published in 1966 by the Something Else Press.

It was only while reading Robert Lebel's 1959 monograph on Duchamp and pondering the consequences of the readymade that Brecht truly understood what he was searching for: Just as the readymade is an object lifted from its mere commodity status by being transported into an art context, the "event" would be an act--often a simple one performed daily, such as turning on and off a switch--on which he would cast his spotlight in order to force us to pay attention to it, in order, as the Russian formalists would have said, to "make it strange" and "de-automatize our perception." [Quoted in George Brecht, by Yve-Alain Bois [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_8_44/ai_n18764245/pg_2] ]

An exhibition of Brecht's work held at the Reuben Gallery, October 1959 "Toward Events: An Arrangement" clearly pointed the way: The press release stated that 'art is to become actively rather than passively existent, to be enjoyed as an unfolding experience....works, or 'events,' such as The Dome, The Case, The Cabinet, are presented three dimensionally.' [Quoted in George Brecht Events; A Heterospective, Robinson, Walter König p34] The final piece in the jigsaw, combining a Duchampian love of chance with a scientific belief in art as research, was an ephiphany Brecht had in 1960, in which he decisively separated the artwork from the control of the artist;

"In the Spring of 1960 ... waiting for my wife to come from the house, standing behind my English Ford station wagon, the motor running and the left-turn signal blinking, it occurred to me that a truly 'event' piece could be drawn from the situation." George Brecht. [George Brecht, The Origin of Events, 1970 Quoted in George Brecht Events; A Heterospective, Robinson, Walter König p236]

The Yam Festival, 1963

"Yam" was a name thought up by Brecht and Watts in late 1962 to act as an umbrella project 'for all manner of immaterial, experimental, as yet unclassified forms of expression.' [George Brecht Events; A Heterospective, Robinson, Walter König p68] Specifically intending to provide a platform for 'art that could not be bought,' the earliest "Yam" events involved mailing event cards and other objects stamped with the word 'Yam', or variations, to friends. Designed to increase anticipation, the project reached a head with a month-long series of events in May, 1963, in New York, Rutger's University and George Segal's farm.The festival, ('May' backwards), was organised as a wide ranging series of events taking place throughout the month, whose main objective was to bypass traditional gallery outlets, giving artists and 'receivers' greater freedom.

"In all of its formats and strategies Brecht's and Watt's "Yam Festival" operated as an alternative to the gallery system, producing "art" that could not be bought." Julia Robinson [George Brecht Events; A Heterospective, Robinson, Walter König p68]

Artists participating in the festival included Alison Knowles, Allan Kaprow, John Cage, Al Hansen, Ay-O, Dick Higgins, La Monte Young, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Ray Johnson. The festival has come to be seen as a proto-fluxus event, involving many of the same artists. "Yam" evolved parallel to George Maciunas' "Fluxfests" [Oxford Art Online, Fluxus essay by Michael Corris, Subscription Only [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T028714?q=fluxus&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit] ] , set up with almost identical aims but currently operating only in Europe whilst Maciunas was stationed in Germany. The International Fluxus Festival of the Newest Music ("Festum Fluxorum"), 1962-63, would feature the work of artists such as Cage, Raoul Hausmann and Nam June Paik. Brecht's event-scores, including the famous "Drip Event", were amongst the pieces Maciunas would perform, along with pieces by Kaprow, Watts, Daniel Spoerri, Robert Filliou, Terry Riley, Emmett Williams and Dick Higgins.

Maciunas in Germany

Clearly aware of the "Yam Festival", Maciunas brought together 73 of Brecht's event-scores whilst working as a free-lance designer for the US army stationed at Ehlhalten near Wiesbaden, [Tomas Schmitt, Maciunas' assistant in 1963 quoted in George Brecht Events; A Heterospective, Robinson, Walter König p276] and placed them in a box with a fine example of his graphic design pasted onto the cover. Maciunas referred to the box as 'Brecht's complete works' [Fluxus Codex, Hendricks, Abrams, 1989 p217] and intended it to be the first in a series compiling works by artists he admired. Few of these intended 'collected works' ever saw the light of day.The use of multiple fonts derived from his interest in experimental typography by Dada figures such as Hugo Ball and Raoul Hausmann, and was to prove crucial in defining a recognisable style for fluxus products.

Published in spring 1963, the box was designed to be the cheapest and simplest way of disseminating art, and in keeping with Maciunas' beliefs, was neither numbered nor signed, although later editions would be published as limited, numbered editions. The box is the very first "Fluxkit", and the only published link between Brecht and Watt's "Yam Festival", and Maciunas' "FluxFests".

Later Versions

It has since been re-published a number of times with differing numbers of event-scores, alternate designs on the cover, and housed in various materials, including plastic boxes and wooden ones. It is worth noting that later editions such as the English "Parrot Impressions", 1972, or the "Lebeer Hossmann" edition, 1986, don't include Maciunas' graphic design, and don't include the word "Fluxus" anywhere in or on the work. Ironically, for an object conceived as an "inexpensive, mass-produced unlimited edition (designed) to erode the cultural status of art and to help to eliminate the artist’s ego." [Grove Art Online, subscription only, [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T028714?q=fluxus&hbutton_search.x=0&hbutton_search.y=0&hbutton_search=search&source=oao_gao&source=oao_t118&source=oao_t234&source=oao_t4&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit] ] and originally sold for $4 [Price listed in the Fluxus Preview Review, July 1963, quoted in the Fluxus Codex, Hendricks, Abrams, 1989 p217] , early copies are now worth in excess of $1800. [http://www.findartinfo.com/search/listprices.asp?keyword=137847]

References

* Water Yam, 1972, Parrot Impressions edition, 1972
* George Brecht Events, A Heterospective, Julia Robinson, Walther König
* Fluxus Codex, Jon Hendricks, Abrams NY 1989
* The Fluxus Reader, Ken Friedman, Academy Editions 1998
* Grove Online Dictionary of Art; Fluxus
* [http://members.chello.nl/j.seegers1/flux_files/brecht.html George Brecht; DADA and Radical Art, An Online Companion]
* [http://www.artnotart.com/fluxus/archives.html Fluxus Debris Archive]
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_8_44/ai_n18764245/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1 George Brecht: Museum Ludwig, Cologne]
* [http://www.mailartist.com/johnheldjr/RobertWatts.html An article about Robert Watts, including an interview with Brecht about the Yam Festival]

Notes