Ovčar-Kablar Gorge

Ovčar-Kablar Gorge

Ovčar-Kablar Gorge (Serbian Cyrillic: Овчарско-кабларска клисура, Latin: Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura), is a gorge in the western Serbia, part of the composite valley of the West Morava river. With over 300 monasteries built in the gorge since the 14th century, it is known as the "Serbian Mount Athos".^[1][2]

Location and geography

The Ovčar-Kablar Gorge is located in western Serbia, halfway between the towns of Čačak (17 kilometers on the east) and Požega on the west, some 155 kilometers south-west of the capital Belgrade.

The gorge is a narrow of the West Morava's composite valley, a continuation of the Požega Depression on the west, while itself continuous into the Čačak-Kraljevo Depression on the east. The gorge is carved between the 985 meters high mountain of Ovčar on the south and 885 meters high Kablar on the north, thus gaining its name. River meanders through the gorge for 15 kilometers. Epigenetic in nature (type of galleric epigenia), the Ovčar-Kablar Gorge was crucial for the genesis of the entire West Morava valley (West Pomoravlje).^[3]

Economy

Ovčar Spa (Ovčar banja) is located in the gorge, at an altitude of 278 meters. It has a hot, sulfuric water (37,5 Celsius), which is helpful for the treatment of rheumatism, nerve and skin diseases.^[4]

In 1954, the West Morava was dammed in the gorge when two hydroelectric dams with artificial lakes were created. Dam "Ovčar Banja" created smaller Ovčar Lake, which since then has been mudded by the alluvial silt brought by the river.^[3] The other, 7 megawatt strong dam "Međuvršje" created larger (1.5 square kilometers) Međuvršje Lake. The gorge is also a route to the railroad and a freeway which connect central and western Serbia.

Monasteries

First churches were built in the early 14th century, after the mercenaries from the Catalan Company raided the Byzantine Mount Athos in 1307-1309. Serbian Orthodox clergy fled the peninsula and began building first monasteries in the gorge.^[2] Next wave of the refugee priests came after the Turkish-Serbian Battle of Maritsa in 1371. Since that period, over 300 ^[1] monasteries, churches or worship places were built in the gorge, but today only 10 monasteries, one church and one sacred cave remained ^[2] ,^[3] most of them from the period of Ottoman occupation in the 15th-18th century:^[4]

• "Dormition of the Holy Mother of God" (Uspenje) - the main monastery in the group, on the north slopes of the Kablar mountain/ It is dedicated to the Holy Mother of God. Originally it was the site of the Jovanjska tower with a powerful bells ("Kulina bell tower") which could be heard up to the 16 kilometers away town of Čačak.^[1] New monastery was built in the 1939 ^[5] on the ruins of the old tower, as a replica of the "Church of the Saint Constantine the Great and Saint Helena" in Ohrid. It is a female monastery, renovated in 2001.

• Presentation of Mary (Vavedenje) - on the right bank,in the ending section of the gorge. Though legend says it was built by the Serbian great župan Stefan Nemanja and his son Saint Sava Nemanjić in the 12th century, the monastery was mentioned for the first time in 1452 and it was renovated in 1797. Monastery keeps some rare old books, including the Belgrade quasi-gospel from 1552.^[5]

• "Saint John the Baptist" (Jovanje) - located on the peninsula in the West Morava's meander, on the Čačak-Ovčar Banja road. Located on the left bank, six kilometers upstream from Vavedenje,the monastery is surrounded by the waters of the river from three sides. It was mentioned for the first time in 1536.^[5] Formerly, it used to be lavra, the main administrtive center for all monasteries in the gorge.^[1] Old monastery was inundated when the artificial Međuvršje Dam was built in 1954 (it was finally flooded by the reservoir in 1959). Monastery is known for its icon of the Mother of God Brzopomoćnica. It is a female monastery.

• "Saint Nicholas the Miracleworker" (Nikolje) - located on the left bank, two kilometers upstream from Jovanje, in the foothills of the Kablar mountain. Mentioned for the first time in 1476, its parvis was painted in 1637 and nave in 1697.^[5] It was formerly a large monsatery, with 300 monks in the 19th century. It was a hiding place for the rebellios prince Miloš Obrenović in Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, who later in 1817 built his personal konak here. Frescoes were painted in 1587, while narthex was painted in 1637. Monastery is also a location where "Gospel of Nikolje" was written. Gospel disappeared from the National Museum in Niš where it was kept and was later found in Dublin, Ireland, where it remained until today.^[1]

• Annunciation (Blagoveštenje) - one of the oldest remaining monasteries, originally from the medieval period of the Nemanjić dynasty. Located on the left bank, above the village of Ovčar Banja and two kilometers away from Preobraženje, the monastery was rebuilt in 1602 and was painted in the 1602-1632 period. Monastery, known for its school of transcribers, also hosts the throne-icon of Christ, part of the surviving section of the iconostasis from the period of the monastery's original foundation,^[2] and the best known icon of all in the gorge, the Holy Abraham. Due to the negligence, the monastery was in a very bad shape, so in the early 20th century iconostas was transferred to Belgrade but when monastery was reconstructed in the early 1990s, iconostas was returned.^[1]

• Ascension of Jesus (Vaznesenje) - few hundred meters from Jovanje, across the river, on the southern slopes of the Ovčar mountain. It was restored on the ruins of the older monastery which is supposed to be from the 16th century, because of the several ornaments surviving in the ruins, including two marble rosettes and floral ornaments in the parish and the central section. Quadri-gospel from 1570 has been preserved in the monastery.^[5]

• Transfiguration of Jesus (Preobraženje) - formerly two kilometers upstream of Nikolje on the left bank, today it is on the right bank, across its own old location. Mentioned for the first time in 1528, it was torn down in 1911 because of the railroad construction.^[5] New monastery was built in 1938. It has a strict missionary role and it is internally administered by the rules of the Mount Athos.

• Presentation of Jesus at the Temple (Sretenje) - close to Sveta Trojica, in the foothills of the Ovčar mountain, near the springs of the Koronjski stream. Gospel from 1571 mentions the monasteery for the first time.^[5] It was re-painted in 1844.

• Holy Trinity (Sveta Trojica) - secluded monastery on the hill across Blagoveštenje. Mentioned for the first time in the Ottoman documents from 1572. Architectonically, considered to be the most beautiful of all Ovčar-Kablar monasteries.^[5]

• Elijah (Ilinje) - on the hill above the Blagoveštenje tunnel, near the Ovčar Banja. It was built in 1938 on the remains of an old monastery. It has lots of manuscripts in its vault and also has a konak built by prince Miloš Obrenović.^[5]

• Saint Sava (Savinje) - separate church dedicated to the Saint Sava Nemanjić. It was built in 1938, near the water spring which is actually a geological phenomenon. Water springs out of the rocks, but remains in the hollow niche and doesn't flow out of it. No matter how much water is taken from it, it always fills up to have 2-3 liters of water, which is why people considered it to be miraculous (the holy water of Saint Sava).^[5]

• Smoke Cave (Kađenica) - the cave-church. During the anti-Ottoman revolt in 1814 (Hadži Prodanova buna), people found refuge in the cave. Turks discovered their hiding place and using straw and woods set it on fire, suffocating everyone inside. This incident also gave the name to the cave. In 1940 the remains were retrieved, fully cremated and buried in two stone sarcophaguses. They were paces in the cave's church altar apse, under the representation of the Jesus' Crucifixion.^[5]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Srpska Sveta Gora" (in Serbian). Politika. 2006-09-01 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Serbian Wikipedia article
3. ^ ^{a b c} Jovan Đ. Marković (1990) (in Serbo-Croatian). Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. ISBN 8601026516. 
4. ^ ^{a b} redakcioni odbor Oto Bihalji-Merin ... et al. (1986) (in Serbo-Croatian). Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija. Belgrade: Prosveta. ISBN 86-07-00001-2. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} (English) "Monasteries and churches". http://www.turizamcacak.org.yu Turizam Čačak. http://www.turizamcacak.org.rs/monasteries_and_churches1.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-20. 

External links

• Enciklopedija - Turizam Srbija Paunpress