Endemic birds of Madagascar and western Indian Ocean islands

This article is one of a series providing information about endemism among birds in the World's various zoogeographic zones. For an overview of this subject see Endemism in birds.

Patterns of endemism

This region is notable not just for the high number of endemic species, but for endemism in higher-level taxonomic groupings too.

Family-level endemism

The following three families are endemic to Madagascar:

* Mesites, a family within the Gruiformes, containing three species in two genera.
* Ground-rollers, a family within the Coraciiformes, containing five species in three genera.
* Asities, a family within the Old World suboscines, with four species in two genera

In addition, the ten species of Coua (genus "Coua", a subfamily of the cuckoos), are all Madagascan endemics.

Two other families are endemic to the wider region:

* The Vangas, an Oscine passerine family, containing sixteen species in eleven genera are endemic to the region; all but one species are confined to Madagascar; the exception, Comoro Blue Vanga is restricted to Comores.

* The Cuckoo-roller, a monotypic family in the Coraciiformes is endemic to the wider region, as it's single species is present on both Madagascar and Comores.

The extinct Dodo and Rodrigues Solitaire comprised a family, Raphidae, which was endemic to Mauritius.

Genus-level endemism

In addition to genera in the families above, the following genera are endemic to the region (M indicating a genus endemic to Madagascar):

* the Jeries "Neomixis" (three species) and "Hartertula" (one species) M

In addition in the following genera, high proportions of the member species are endemic to Madagascar:

* the rock-thrushes, "Monticola", in which three of the 13 species are endemic to Madagascar (these three are sometimes separated into their own genus, "Pseudocossyphus".

Endemic Bird Areas

Birdlife International has defined a number of Endemic Bird Areas and Secondary Areas in Madagascar and the western Indian Ocean islands.

List of species

pecies endemic to Madagascar

The following is a list of species endemic to Madagascar.

Note that:
* Madagascar Partridge is endemic as a native species to Madagascar, but has been introduced on the Mascarenes
* Madagascar Buttonquail is endemic as a native species to Madagascar, but has been introduced on the Mascarenes
* Madagascar Turtle Dove is endemic as a native species to Madagascar, but is thought to be an introduced species on the other islands in the region
* Grey-headed Lovebird is endemic as a native species to Madagascar, but has been introduced to the Comoro Islands
* Madagascar Fody is endemic as a native species to Madagascar, but has been introduced to many of the other islands in the region

pecies endemic to other islands or island groups in the region

The following is a list of species endemic to other islands.

pecies endemic to the Mascarene group

* Mauritius Kestrel
* Pink Pigeon
* Mauritius Parakeet
* Mascarene Swiftlet
* Réunion Bulbul
* Mauritius Bulbul
* Réunion Stonechat
* Mascarene Paradise Flycatcher
* Rodrigues Warbler
* Mauritius Olive White-eye
* Réunion Olive White-eye
* Mauritius Grey White-eye
* Réunion Grey White-eye
* Mauritius Cuckoo-shrike
* Réunion Cuckoo-shrike
* Mauritius Fody
* Rodrigues Fody

pecies endemic to the Comoros

* Comoro Olive Pigeon
* Comoro Green Pigeon
* Karthala Scops-owl
* Anjouan Scops-owl
* Anjouan Cuckoo-roller
* Comoro Bulbul
* Comoro Thrush
* Humblot's Flycatcher
* Comoro Brush-warbler
* Benson's Brush-warbler
* Kirk's White-eye
* Karthala White-eye
* Mayotte White-eye
* Comoro Green Sunbird
* Humblot's Sunbird
* Anjouan Sunbird
* Mayotte Sunbird
* Comoro Blue Vanga
* Comoro Cuckoo-shrike
* Mayotte Drongo
* Grande Comore Drongo
* Comoro Fody

pecies endemic to central Seychelles

* Seychelles Kestrel
* Seychelles Blue Pigeon
* Seychelles Black Parrot
* Seychelles Scops-owl
* Seychelles Swiftlet
* Seychelles Magpie-robin
* Seychelles Black Paradise Flycatcher
* Seychelles Warbler
* Seychelles White-eye
* Seychelles Sunbird
* Seychelles Fody

pecies endemic to the Aldabra islands

* Aldabra Rail
* Aldabra Brush-warbler
* Abbott's Sunbird
* Aldabra Drongo
* Aldabra Fody

There are native Madagascar Turtle Doves in the Aldabra group (separate races from those found on Madagascar); they may represent a separate species.

Other species endemic to the region

The following is a list of species which are not endemic to a specific island (or island group) but are endemic to the region as a whole.

* Madagascar Sacred Ibis (Aldabra, western coast of Madagascar)
* Réunion Harrier (Madagascar, Comoros, Mascarenes)
* Frances's Sparrowhawk (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Kestrel (Madagascar, Aldabra)
* Comoro Blue Pigeon (Comoros, Aldabra)
* Greater Vasa Parrot (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Lesser Vasa Parrot (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Coucal (Madagascar, Aldabra)
* Madagascar Scops Owl (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Nightjar (Madagascar, Aldabra)
* Madagascar Black Swift (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Spine-tailed Swift (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Kingfisher (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Bee-eater (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Cuckoo-roller (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Mascarene Martin (Madagascar, Mascarenes)
* Madagascar Bulbul (Madagascar, Comoros, Aldabra)
* Madagascar Paradise Flycatcher (Madagascar, Comoros)
* Madagascar Cisticola (Madagascar, Aldabra group)
* Madagascar Brush-warbler (Madagascar, Mohéli, Anjouan)
* Madagascar White-eye (Madagascar, various other islands)
* Madagascar Green Sunbird (Madagascar, Mohéli)
* Souimanga Sunbird (Aldabra, Madagascar)
* Crested Drongo (Madagascar, Anjouan)

Near-endemics

The following is a list of species endemic to the region as breeding species:

* Madagascar Squacco Heron (breeding endemic on Madagascar & Aldabra, migrates to East Africa)
* Madagascar Lesser Cuckoo (endemic to Madagascar in the breeding season, winters in East Africa).

Two Western Palearctic falcons winter entirely (Eleonora's Falcon) or mainly (Sooty Falcon) on Madagascar.

The following restricted-range species are also found in the region:

The following seabirds are restricted to the region as breeders:

References

* Sinclair, Ian and Olivier Langrand (2003) "Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands"