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Organ (anatomy)

Organ (anatomy)
For the musical instrument, see Organ (music).

In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, "instrument, tool", from Greek ὄργανον, organon, "organ, instrument, tool"[1]) is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function. [2]

Usually there is a main tissue (parenchyma) and sporadic tissues (stroma). The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ. For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the nerves, blood, connective etc.. Functionally related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems. Organs exist in all higher biological organisms, in particular they are not restricted to animals, but can also be identified in plants. An example of this is the bladder. In single-cell organisms like bacteria, the functional analogues of organs are called organelles.

A hollow organ is a visceral organ that is a hollow tube or pouch (as the stomach or intestine) or that includes a cavity (as of the heart or urinary bladder).[3]

Contents

Organ systems

Main article: Biological system

Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an Organ System (Biological System or Body System). The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ, the hypothalamus. For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system. The same is true for the musculoskeletal system the relationship between the muscular and skeletal systems.

Plants

The flower is the angiosperm's reproductive organ. This Hibiscus flower is hermaphroditic, and it contains stamen and pistils.
Strobilus of Equisetum telmateia.

Organs of plants can be divided into vegetative and reproductive. Vegetative plant organs are root, stem, and leaf. The reproductive organs are variable. In angiosperms, they are represented with the flower, seed and fruit. In conifers, the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a cone. In other divisions of plants, the reproductive organs are called strobili (in Lycopodiophyta) or simply gametophores (in mosses).

The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as photosynthesis, while the reproductive organs are essential in reproduction. However, if there is asexual vegetative reproduction, the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants (see clonal colony).

The three main organ systems in vascular plants are the root, shoot and reproductive systems.

Animals

The organ level of organisation in animals can be first detected in flatworms and the more advanced phyla. The less-advanced taxons (like Placozoa, Porifera and Radiata) do not show consolidation of their tissues into organs.

List of mammalian organ systems

There are eleven major organ systems found in mammals.

Mammals such as humans have a variety of organ systems. These specific systems are also widely studied in human anatomy.

See also

References

  1. ^ Organon, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus project
  2. ^ Widmaier EP, Raff H, and Strang KT (2003) Vander's Human Physiology. 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 987-0-07-304962-5.
  3. ^ Dictionary.com > hollow organ Citing: Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, 2002

External links

v · d · eHuman systems and organs
TA 2–4:
MS
Bone (Carpus · Collar bone (clavicle) · Thigh bone (femur) · Fibula · Humerus · Mandible · Metacarpus · Metatarsus · Ossicles · Patella · Phalanges · Radius · Skull (cranium) · Tarsus · Tibia · Ulna · Rib · Vertebra · Pelvis · Sternum) · Cartilage
TA 5–11:
splanchnic/
viscus
mostly
Thoracic
TA 12–16
peripheral (Artery, Vein, Lymphatic vessel) · Heart
primary (Bone marrow, Thymus) · secondary (Spleen, Lymph node)
Blood
(Non-TA)
General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs
v · Hierarchy of life

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