Rhapsody in Blue

"Rhapsody in Blue" is a musical composition by George Gershwin for solo piano and jazz band written in 1924, which combines elements of classical music with jazz-influenced effects. The composition was orchestrated by Ferde Grofé three times, in 1924, in 1926, and finally in 1946. The piece received its premiere in a concert entitled "An Experiment in Modern Music", which was held on 12 February 1924, in Aeolian Hall, New York, by Paul Whiteman and his band with Gershwin playing the piano. The version for piano and symphony, orchestrated by Ferde Grofé in 1942, has become one of the most popular American concert works. It was played on February 10, 2008 at the 50th Grammy Awards.

History

Commission

After the success of an experimental classical-jazz concert held with French-Canadian singer Eva Gauthier at Aeolian Hall on 1 November 1923, band leader Paul Whiteman decided to attempt something more ambitious.Schiff p. 53] He asked Gershwin to contribute a concerto-like piece for an all-jazz concert he would give in Aeolian Hall in February 1924. Whiteman became interested in featuring such an extended composition by Gershwin in the concert after he had collaborated with Gershwin in the "Scandals of 1922", impressed by the original performance of the one-act opera "Blue Monday", which was a commercial failure. There would certainly be call for revisions to the score; he felt that he would not have enough time to compose the new piece.Wood p. 81]

Late on the evening of 3 January, at the Ambassador Billiard Parlor at Broadway and 52nd Street in Manhattan, while George Gershwin and Buddy De Sylva were playing billiards, his brother Ira Gershwin was reading the 4 January edition of the "New York Tribune". [Jablonski, Edward (1999) "Glorious George," "Cigar Aficionado" Jan/Feb 1999 [http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Features/CA_Feature_Basic_Template_Print/0,2809,553,00.html] ] An article entitled "What Is American Music?" about the Whiteman concert caught his attention, in which the final paragraph claimed that "George Gershwin is at work on a jazz concerto, Irving Berlin is writing a syncopated tone poem, and Victor Herbert is working on an American suite."

In a phone call to Whiteman next morning, Gershwin was told that Whiteman's rival Vincent Lopez was planning to steal the idea of his experimental concert and there was no time to lose. [Greenberg pp. 64-65] Gershwin was finally persuaded to compose the piece.

Composition

Since there were only five weeks left, Gershwin hastily set about composing a piece, and on the train journey to Boston, the ideas of "Rhapsody in Blue" came to his mind. He told his first biographer Isaac Goldberg in 1931:

It was on the train, with its steely rhythms, its rattle-ty bang, that is so often so stimulating to a composer – I frequently hear music in the very heart of the noise... And there I suddenly heard, and even saw on paper – the complete construction of the "Rhapsody", from beginning to end. No new themes came to me, but I worked on the thematic material already in my mind and tried to conceive the composition as a whole. I heard it as a sort of musical kaleidoscope of America, of our vast melting pot, of our unduplicated national pep, of our blues, our metropolitan madness. By the time I reached Boston I had a definite plot of the piece, as distinguished from its actual substance. [Cowen, Ron (1998), "George Gershwin: He Got Rhythm" The Washington Post Online: [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/horizon/nov98/gershwin.htm] (Quotation re inspiration on the train)] [Howard, Orrin, "Rhapsody in Blue" (program notes for Los Angeles Philharmonic) [http://www.laphil.org/resources/piece_detail.cfm?id=314] ]

Gershwin began his work on 7 January as dated on the original manuscript for two pianos. The piece was titled "American Rhapsody" during composition. The title "Rhapsody in Blue" was suggested by Ira Gershwin after his visit to a gallery exhibition of James McNeill Whistler paintings, which bear titles such as "Nocturne in Black and Gold" and "Arrangement in Gray and Black" (better known as "Whistler's Mother"). [Schiff p. 13] After a few weeks, Gershwin finished his composition and passed the score to Whiteman's arranger Ferde Grofé, who orchestrated the piece, finishing it on 4 February, only eight days before the premiere. [Greenberg p. 69]

Premiere

"Rhapsody in Blue" premiered in an afternoon concert on 12 February 1924, held by Paul Whiteman and his band Palais Royal Orchestra, entitled "An Experiment in Modern Music", which took place in Aeolian Hall in New York City.Downes] The event has since become historic specifically because of its premiere of the "Rhapsody".

The purpose of the experiment, as told by Whiteman in a pre-concert lecture in front of many classical music critics and highbrows, was "to be purely educational." It would "at least provide a stepping stone which will make it very simple for the masses to understand, and therefore, enjoy symphony and opera." The program was long, including 26 separate musical movements, divided into 2 parts and 11 sections, bearing titles such as "True form of jazz" and "Contrast: legitimate scoring vs. jazzing". Gershwin's latest composition was the second to last piece (before Elgar's "Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1"). [Schiff pp. 55-61] As many of the numbers sounded similar, and the ventilation system was broken, people in the audience were losing their patience, until the clarinet glissando that opened "Rhapsody in Blue" was heard. [Greenberg pp. 72-73] The piece was a huge popular success, and remains popular to this day.

The "Rhapsody" was performed by Whiteman's band, with an added section of string players, and George Gershwin on piano. Gershwin decided to keep his options open as to when Whiteman would bring in the orchestra and he did not write out one of the pages for solo piano, with only the words "Wait for nod" scrawled by Grofé on the band score. Gershwin improvised some of what he was playing. As he did not write out the piano part until "after" the performance, we do not know exactly how the original "Rhapsody" sounded.

According to Charles Schwartz, the opening clarinet glissando came into being during rehearsal when “...as a joke on Gershwin, [Ross] Gorman (Whiteman's virtuoso clarinettist) played the opening measure with a noticeable glissando, adding what he considered a humorous touch to the passage. Reacting favourably to Gorman’s whimsy, Gershwin asked him to perform the opening measure that way at the concert and to add as much of a ‘wail’ as possible.” [("Gershwin: His Life and Music," 81-83, Da Capo Press (1979))]

Responses

By the end of 1927, Whiteman’s band had played the "Rhapsody" eighty-four times, and its recording sold a million copies. Whiteman later adopted the piece as his band's theme song, and opened his radio programs with the slogan "Everything new but the "Rhapsody in Blue".

The piece received mixed reviews from mainstream critics. Olin Downes, reviewing the concert in "The New York Times":

This composition shows extraordinary talent, as it shows a young composer with aims that go far beyond those of his ilk, struggling with a form of which he is far from being master... In spite of all this, he has expressed himself in a significant and, on the whole, highly original form.... His first theme... is no mere dance-tune... it is an idea, or several ideas, correlated and combined in varying and contrasting rhythms that immediately intrigue the listener. The second theme is more after the manner of some of Mr. Gershwin's colleagues. Tuttis are too long, cadenzas are too long, the peroration at the end loses a large measure of the wildness and magnificence it could easily have had if it were more broadly prepared, and, for all that, the audience was stirred and many a hardened concertgoer excited with the sensation of a new talent finding its voice... There was tumultuous applause for Gershwin's composition.

Another reviewer, Lawrence Gilman, a Richard Wagner specialist who later wrote a famously devastating review of Gershwin's "Porgy and Bess", commenting on the Rhapsody in the "New York Tribune" on 13 February 1924, said:

How trite, feeble and conventional the tunes are; how sentimental and vapid the harmonic treatment, under its disguise of fussy and futile counterpoint! ... Weep over the lifelessness of the melody and harmony, so derivative, so stale, so inexpressive! [Slonimsky, Nicolas (2000). "Lexicon of Musical Invective". W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32009-X. Gilman's unfavorable review, "weep over the lifelessness".]

Some critics described the piece as formless, and claimed that Gershwin only glued his melodic segments together into one piece. Pitts Sanborn wrote that the music "runs off into empty passage-work and meaningless repetition".Greenberg pp. 74-75] In an article in "Atlantic Monthly" in 1955, Leonard Bernstein, who nevertheless admitted that he loved the piece, wrote:

The "Rhapsody" is not a composition at all. It's a string of separate paragraphs stuck together. The themes are terrific – inspired, God-given. I don't think there has been such an inspired melodist on this earth since Tchaikovsky. But if you want to speak of a composer, that's another matter. Your "Rhapsody in Blue" is not a real composition in the sense that whatever happens in it must seem inevitable. You can cut parts of it without affecting the whole. You can remove any of these stuck-together sections and the piece still goes on as bravely as before. It can be a five-minute piece or a twelve-minute piece. And in fact, all these things are being done to it every day. And it's still the "Rhapsody in Blue".

Music Analysis

Is it jazz?

Whether or not "Rhapsody in Blue" is "jazz" remains a much-debated topic. It should be noted that Whiteman styled himself "The King of Jazz". [http://www.redhotjazz.com/whiteman.html] This appellation, applied to Whiteman's band of all-white musicians playing from written arrangements, would be questioned today, but in the 1920s, the word "jazz" was used loosely to cover a broad range of contemporary popular music. Gilbert Seldes, in his book "The Seven Lively Arts", was one of the first books to treat popular culture in a serious way, and "jazz" was starting to be seen as a significant American contribution to musical culture. Whiteman undertook to present what for the most part was an ordinary set of dance-band numbers in a concert hall under the trappings of high culture.

Due to Whiteman’s advertisement of the concert at Aeolian Hall, and the orchestration for primarily wind instruments, the audience was predisposed to listen to the piece as a jazz work. Critics have voiced widely varying opinions on where "Rhapsody" fits into the jazz canon. Thirty years after its premiere, William Grossman and Jack Farrell denounced the entire Aeolian concert, including "Rhapsody in Blue", saying the "clumsily syncopated 'jazz' was gradually replaced with ponderous pseudosymphonic harmonies played over dance rhythms, culminating in the concert rendition of Gershwin’s "Rhapsody in Blue", one of the most ludicrous of the popular attempts during the 1920s to merge jazz and 'serious' music". But critic Deems Taylor voiced the opinion that the "Rhapsody" was "genuine jazz music, not only in its scoring but in its idiom", and Osgood claimed that Gershwin was able to "take the elements of jazz and employ them with a distinct degree of success in forms of composition higher and larger than popular songs and musical comedy".Schneider, Wayne, ed. (1999). "The Gershwin Style". Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509020-9]

Analysis

Paul Whiteman asked Gershwin to write a "jazz concerto" which became the "Rhapsody in Blue"; like a concerto, the piece is written for solo piano with orchestra: a rhapsody differs from a concerto in that it features one extended movement instead of separate movements. Rhapsodies often incorporate passages of a quasi-improvisatory nature (although written out in a score), and are irregular in form, with heightened contrasts and emotional exuberance; Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" is typical in that it certainly has large contrasts in musical texture, style, and color. The music ranges from intensely rhythmic piano solos to slow, broad, and richly orchestrated sections.

The opening of "Rhapsody in Blue" is written as a clarinet trill followed by a legato 17-note rising diatonic scale. During a rehearsal, Whiteman's virtuoso clarinetist, Ross Gorman, rendered the upper portion of the scale as a captivating (and fully trombone-like) glissando: Gershwin heard it and insisted that it be repeated in the performance. [Greenberg p. 70] An "American Heritage" columnist called it the "famous opening clarinet glissando... that has become as familiar as the start of Beethoven’s Fifth."Schwarz, Frederick D. (1999). [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/1/1999_1_126.shtml Time Machine: 1924 Seventy-five Years Ago: Gershwin’s Rhapsody. "American Heritage" 50(1), February/March 1999] . Retrieved Feb 17 2007.] The effect is produced by gradually opening the left-hand tone-holes on the clarinet during the passage from the last concert F (or earlier if possible, thus employing the right hand as well) to the top concert B-flat, adjusting the embouchure to smoothly control the continuously rising pitch. This effect has now become standard performance practice for the work. "Rhapsody in Blue" displays Gershwin’s gifts of both rhythmic invention and melodic inspiration, as well as his ability to write a piece with large-scale harmonic and melodic structure. The piece is characterized by strong motivic interrelatedness. Much of the motivic material is introduced in the first 14 measures. David Schiff identifies five major themes plus a sixth “tag”.Schiff, David (1997). "Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue." Cambridge University Press.] Of these, two appear in the first 14 measures, and the tag shows up in measure 19. Two of the remaining three themes are rhythmically related to the very first theme in measure 2, which is sometimes called the Glissando theme (after the opening glissando in the clarinet solo) or the Ritornello theme. The remaining theme is the Train theme, which is the first to appear (at rehearsal 9) after the opening material. All of the themes rely on the blues scale, which includes lowered sevenths and a mixture of major and minor thirds. Each theme appears both in orchestrated form and as a piano solo. There are considerable differences in the style of presentation of each theme. The harmonic structure of "Rhapsody" is more difficult to analyse. The piece begins and ends in B flat, but it modulates towards the sub-dominant direction very early on, returning to B flat at the end, rather abruptly. The opening modulates "downward", as it were, through the keys B flat, E flat, A flat, D flat, G flat, B, E, and finally to A major. Modulation through the circle of fifths in the reverse direction inverts classical tonal relationships, but does not abandon them. The entire middle section resides primarily in C major, with forays into G major (the dominant relation). Modulations occur freely and easily, though not always with harmonic direction. Gershwin frequently uses a recursive harmonic progression of minor thirds to give the illusion of motion when in fact a passage does not change key from beginning to end. Modulation by thirds was a common element of Tin Pan Alley music. The influences of jazz and other contemporary styles are certainly present in "Rhapsody in Blue". Ragtime rhythms are abundant, as is the Cuban "clave" rhythm, which doubles as a dance rhythm in the Charleston jazz dance.

Gershwin’s own intentions were to correct the belief that jazz had to be played strictly in time so that one could dance to it. The "Rhapsody"’s tempos vary widely, and there is an almost extreme use of rubato in many places throughout. The clearest influence of jazz is the use of blue notes, and the exploration of their half-step relationship plays a key role in the "Rhapsody". The use of so-called "vernacular" instruments, such as accordion, banjo, and saxophones in the orchestra, contribute to its jazz or popular style, and the latter two of these instruments have remained part of Grofé's "standard" orchestra scoring. Gershwin incorporated several different piano styles into the work. He utilized the techniques of stride piano, novelty piano, comic piano, and the song-plugger piano style. Stride piano’s rhythmic and improvisational style is evident in the "agitato e misterioso" section, which begins four bars after rehearsal 33, as well as in other sections, many of which include the orchestra. Novelty piano can be heard at rehearsal 9 with the revelation of the Train theme. The hesitations and light-hearted style of comic piano, a vaudeville approach to piano made well-known by Chico Marx and Jimmy Durante, are evident at rehearsal 22.

Orchestration

Gershwin had agreed that Ferde Grofé, Whiteman's pianist and chief arranger, was the key figure in enabling the piece to be successful, and critics have praised the orchestral colour. Grofé confirmed in 1938 that Gershwin did not have sufficient knowledge of orchestration in 1924. [Greenberg p. 66] After the premiere, Grofé took the score and made new orchestrations in 1926 and 1942, each time for larger orchestras. [Greenberg p. 76] Up until 1976, when Michael Tilson Thomas recorded the original jazz band version for the very first time, the 1942 version was the arrangement usually performed and recorded.

The 1924 orchestration for Whiteman's band of 23 musicians (plus violins), and calls for the following:
*Reeds [thirteen instruments played alternately by five performers] : flute, oboe, clarinets (E-flat soprano, B-flat, alto and bass), heckelphone, saxophones (sopranino, soprano, alto, tenor and baritone)
*Brass: 2 horns, 2 trumpets, 2 flugelhorns, euphonium, 2 trombones, bass trombone, tuba
*Rhythm and strings: 2 pianos, celesta, banjo, Drums, timpani, trap set, violins, string basses and accordion.Schiff p. 5-6] Many musicians, especially the reeds, played two or more instruments; the reed "doublings" were especially calculated to take advantage of the full panoply of instruments available in that section of Whiteman's band. Indeed, Grofé's familiarity with the Whiteman band's strengths are a key factor in the scoring. This original version, with its unique instrumental requirements, had lain dormant until its revival in reconstructions beginning in the mid-1980s, owing to the popularity and serviceability of the later scorings, described below.

The 1942 orchestration is an adaptation of the original for the standard symphony orchestra (as listed in the score): 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 B-flat clarinets (both doubling A clarinets) and bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 3 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, percussion (including crash cymbal, snare drum, bass drum, gong, triangle, bells and cymbals, and timpani), solo piano, 2 alto saxophones, tenor saxophone, banjo, and strings (first and second violins, viola, violoncello and bass). [Gershwin, George; & Grofé, Ferde (1924, 1942). "George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue miniature orchestra score". Warner Brothers.]

The 1942 version is based on the 1926 arrangement for a "pit" orchestra, differing from its successor in the number of woodwinds and brass only: a single flute, oboe and bassoon, only two horns, two trumpets and one trombone. The prominence of the saxophones in the later orchestrations is somewhat reduced, and the banjo part can be dispensed with, as its mainly rhythmic contribution is provided by the inner strings.

Recordings

Two audio recordings exist of Gershwin performing an abridged version of the work with Whiteman's orchestra: an acoustic recording made June 10, 1924, released on two sides of Victor 55225 and running 8:59 - this recording includes the original clarinetist, Ross Gorman, playing the glissando — and an electrical recording made April 21, 1927, released on both sides of Victor 35822 and running 9:01 (about half the length of the complete work). The latter version was actually conducted by Nathaniel Shilkret after an argument between Gershwin and Whiteman. [http://www.redhotjazz.com/pwo.html Both versions can be found here] [Greenberg pp. 75-76] (For an explanation of "acoustic" and "electrical", see gramophone record. A 1925 piano roll captured Gershwin's performance in a two piano version. [Schiff p. 64] Whiteman's orchestra also performed the piece in the 1930 film "The King of Jazz" featuring Roy Bargy on piano.

Since the mid-20th century, the 1942 version has usually been performed by classical orchestras playing the expanded arrangement. In this form, it has become a staple of the concert repertoire. It has direct popular appeal while also being regarded respectfully by classical musicians.

In the late 1970s, interest in the original arrangement was revived. Reconstructions of it have been recorded by Michael Tilson Thomas and the Columbia Jazz Band in 1976, and by Maurice Peress with Ivan Davis on piano as part of a 60th-anniversary reconstruction of the entire 1924 concert. [Schiff pp. 67-68]

Notable recordings

*Jesus Maria Sanroma with Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra for RCA Victor in July 1935 in Boston's Symphony Hall (the first complete recording), RCA Victor DM358.
*Leonard Bernstein (pianist & conductor) and the "Columbia Symphony Orchestra" (which is actually New York Philharmonic Orchestra as CBS had to use the alias due to contractual requirements) [Greenberg p. 74] in 1959 (slightly cut from the original). He later re-recorded the work in 1982 for Deutsche Grammophon with the Los Angeles Philharmonic.
*Earl Wild (pianist), Arthur Fiedler (conductor) and the Boston Pops Orchestra in 1960.
*André Previn made two recordings of the work, one with the London Symphony Orchestra for EMI in 1973, and another with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for Philips, both as pianist and conductor.
*Michael Tilson Thomas (conductor), George Gershwin (pianist via Duo-Art piano roll), and the Columbia Jazz Band in 1976 (premiere recording of original 1924 orchestration), Columbia M34205.
*Gary Graffman (pianist), Zubin Mehta (conductor) and the New York Philharmonic, in 1979, for the Woody Allen movie "Manhattan". The recording, on Columbia Masterworks Records, remains one of the most popular versions, often used on film and TV projects.
*The French piano duo Katia and Marielle Labèque recorded a four-hand piano arrangement of the work for Philips Classics Records in 1980.
*Dutch vaudeville jazz band "Willem Breuker Kollektief" (with Vera Beths string quartet) recorded a lively version of the original 1924 version in 1982. [ [http://www.xs4all.nl/~wbk/disco80-84_WB.html Willem Breuker Kollektief Discography] ]
*Michael Tilson Thomas (pianist and conductor) and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, in 1985. This is the recording that, after being issued on compact disc, caused the jazz band version to become popular.
*Conductor Mitch Miller and pianist David Golub made a well-received [cite news|url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE0D71E39F935A35751C1A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=Gershwin: His Music Is In Vogue|publisher=N.Y.Times|accessdate=2008-02-15] 1987 recording of Gershwin compositions (including "Rhapsody in Blue") that relied in part on notes taken by Miller in conversations with Gershwin. [Miller, Mitch. Liner notes from "Gershwin: An American in Paris [...] " CD, Mitch Miller Music MMM14610, 1994.]
*George Gershwin plays a piano roll version on the album "Gershwin Plays Gershwin: The Piano Rolls" released in 1993. The original Gershwin-recorded roll was converted into a format readable by a Yamaha Disklavier grand piano, which was then placed in a concert hall for the album recording.
*A copy of this piano roll is at the Music House Museum in Acme, Michigan ( [http://www.musichouse.org] ). A recording is available from the store website: "This CD features 19 selections all hand played by Gershwin on the Duo-Art Reproducing Piano, including the 2 piano version of the entire Rhapsody In Blue played AND accompanied by the composer himself."
*James Levine (pianist & conductor) and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra play the jazz band version on this 1993 Deutsche Grammophon recording.
*Jazz pianist Marcus Roberts recorded a 28-minute, jazz-oriented version with Robert Sabin (conductor) and members of the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra and St. Luke's Orchestra on the album "Portraits in Blue", released by Sony Classical in 1996. The album received 4.5 stars (out of 5) from Down Beat Magazine and was nominated for a Grammy Award.
*Ralph Grierson (pianist), Bruce Broughton, and the Philharmonia Orchestra in 1999 for the Disney musical montage film Fantasia 2000.
*There has been an arrangement for 5 pianos recorded by The 5 Browns for their 2006 album No Boundaries.
*Jon Nakamatsu (pianist) with Jeff Tyzik (conductor) and the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra (Rochester, NY); in August 2007, the CD was #3 on Billboard.
*Oscar Levant (pianist), Eugene Ormandy (conductor) and the Philadelphia Orchestra (abridged)
*Garrick Ohlsson (pianist), Michael Tilson Thomas and the San Francisco Symphony.
* [http://www.crunchyroll.com/media-35914/Nodame-Cantabile-Live-Action-Episode-5-Part-45.html Episode 5] of [http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Nodame_Cantabile Nodame Cantabile] has a unique composition of this piece, and is the closing theme music for the series; performed (assisted?) by Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra
*Jeffrey Reid Baker, computer/synthesist/pianist. 1987 recording. [http://www.jrbrecords.com/prods/9003/index.html]
*Liquid Tension Experiment (instrumental progressive metal/fusion band): Jordan Rudess (keyboard), John Petrucci (guitar), Mike Portnoy (drums) and Tony Levin (Chapman stick); on June 23, 2008 performed a live rendition of the piece at the BB King Blues Club (NYC).
*Jazz-funk meister (Eumir) Deodato recorded the piece in 1973 on the CTI label. The recording narrowly missed the national Top 40.
*"New wave a capella" band The Bobs with guest pianist Bob Malone adapted the orchestral form of the piece for piano and four a capella voices (these voices portraying the entire orchestral section), in the title track of their 2005 album "Rhapsody in Bob".

"Rhapsody in Blue" in popular culture

Although Gershwin himself spoke of the rhapsody as "a musical kaleidoscope of America", "Rhapsody in Blue" has often been interpreted as a musical portrait of New York City; it is used to this effect in Woody Allen's film "Manhattan", "Gremlins 2 The New Batch", the Disney film "Fantasia 2000", [Solomon, Charles (1999): [http://www.awn.com/mag/issue4.09/4.09pages/solomonrhapsody.php3 Rhapsody in Blue: Fantasia 2000's Jewel in the Crown] ] and the a cappella version of "Rhapsody in Blue" recorded in 1991, "Rhapsody of New York", by the female barbershop quartet "Ambiance". [ [http://www.singers.com/barbershop/ambiance.html Ambiance Quartet website] , describes the arrangement as "a virtual vocal orchestration of relentless intensity and chutzpah". Retrieved Feb 16 2007.]

"Rhapsody in Blue" was briefly used as the entrance music for professional wrestler Shawn Michaels when he first started wrestling in singles competition during 1992.

"Rhapsody in Blue" has been used by US-based air carrier United Airlines in their advertisements since the mid 1980s [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf] . In more recent advertisements, the instruments used reflect the theme, including a version played by traditionally Asian instruments in conjunction with publicizing the carrier's major presence in trans-Pacific travel.

"Rhapsody in Blue" has also been used in connection with various IBM products, including the PCjr.

"Rhapsody in Blue" was played simultaneously by eighty-four pianists at the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. [Schiff p. 1]

The piece was performed by Herbie Hancock and Lang Lang at the 50th Grammy Awards on February 10, 2008.

A pianica version of the piece was performed in the manga, the Japanese television drama and the anime, Nodame Cantabile. A short version of the piece was also used as the ending theme tune in the drama.

Notes

References

*Downes, Olin (1924). "A Concert of Jazz". "The New York Times", February 13, 1924: p. 16.
*Greenberg, Rodney (1998). "George Gershwin". Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-3504-8.
*Reef, Catherine (2000). "George Gershwin: American Composer." Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1-88384-658-7.
*Schiff, David (1997). "Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55077-7.
*Wood, Ean (1996). "George Gershwin: His Life and Music". Sanctuary Publishing. ISBN 1-86074-174-6.
*Schwarz, Charles (1979) Gershwin: His Life and Music. Da Capo Press (reprint)

External links

* [http://www.archive.org/details/rhapblue11924 Part 1 of the original acoustic recording of "Rhapsody in Blue" performed by George Gershwin and Paul Whiteman, in 1924] on Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/rhapblue21924 Part 2 of the original acoustic recording of "Rhapsody in Blue" performed by George Gershwin and Paul Whiteman, in 1924] on Internet Archive