Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod

The Cathedral of St. Sophia (the Holy Wisdom of God) in the Kremlin (or Detinets) in Novgorod the Great is the cathedral church of the Archbishop of Novgorod and the mother church of the Novgorodian Eparchy.

History

The 38-metre-high, five-domed, stone cathedral was built by Vladimir of Novgorod. Construction took place between 1045 and 1050 (making it the oldest church building in Russia proper and, with the exception of the Arkhyz and Shoana churches, the oldest building of any kind still in use in the country). It was consecrated by Bishop Luka Zhidiata (1035 – 1060) on September 14, in 1050 or 1052, the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross. (A fresco just inside the south entrance depicts Sts. Constantine and Helena, who found the true cross in the fourth century; it is one of the oldest works of art in the cathedral and is thought to commemorate its dedication.) [T. Iu. (Tatiana Iur’evna) Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod," D. G. Fedosov, trans. (Moscow: Severnyi Palomnik, 2005). This is an English translation of "Sofiiskii sobor v Novgorode". 2nd ed. (Moscow: Severnyi palomnik, 2005). The "Sofia First Chronicle" dates the consecration to 1050, the "Novgorodian Third Chronicle" to 1052. See "Sofiiskii Sobor v Velikom Novgorode: Arkhitektura i istoriia", online at http://www.russiancity.ru/text/nov01.htm] While it is commonly known as St. Sophia's, it is not named for any of the female saints of that name (ie., Sophia of Rome or Sophia the Martyr); Rather, the name comes from the Greek for wisdom (Σoφíα, from whence we get words like philo"sophia" or philosophy – "the love of wisdom"), and thus Novgorod's cathedral is dedicated to the Holy Wisdom of God. It replaced an even older wooden, 13-domed church built in or around 989 by Bishop Ioakim Korsunianin, the first bishop of Novgorod. The main, golden cupola, was gilded by Archbishop Ioann (1388 – 1415) in 1408. The sixth (and the largest) dome crowns a tower which leads to the upper galleries. In medieval times these were said to hold the Novgorodian treasury and there was a library there, said to have been started by Yaroslav the Wise. When the library was moved to the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy in 1859, it numbered more than 1,500 volumes, some dating back to the thirteenth century. The current Archbishop, Lev (Nikolai L'vovich Tserpitskii), [See his biography online at http://www.velikiynovgorod.ru/personals/print/?id=203&nid=12] has reestablished a library there, in keeping with the ancient tradition. As of 2004, it housed some 5,000 volumes. [N. Savushkina, “Biblioteka Sofiiskogo Sobora,” "Sofia", No. 1 (2004).] A Sunday school is also held in the gallery. [Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod".]

The cupolas are thought to have acquired their present helmet-like shape in the 1150s, when the cathedral was restored after a fire. The interior was painted in 1108 at the behest of Bishop Nikita (1096 – 1108), although the project was not undertaken until shortly after his death. Archbishop Nifont (1130-1156) had the exterior whitewashed and had the Martirievskii and Pretechenskaia porches (papter', more akin to side chapels) painted sometime during his tenure, but those frescoes are hardly visible now in consequence of frequent fires. In the 1860s, parts of the interior had to be repainted and most of the current frescoes are from the 1890s. [Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod."] A white stone belltower in five bays was built by Archbishop Evfimii II (1429-1458), the greatest architectural patron to ever hold the archiepiscopal office. He also had the Palace of Facets built just northwest of the cathedral in 1433. The nearby clocktower was initially completed under his patronage as well, but fell down in the seventeenth century and was restored in 1673.

From the 12th to the 15th century, the cathedral was a ceremonial and spiritual centre of the Novgorod Republic, which sprawled from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains. Novgorodians were exceedingly proud of their church, boasting that they were willing "to lay down their heads for Holy Wisdom" or "to die honorably for Holy Wisdom." [Arsenii Nikolaevich Nasonov, ed. "Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis, Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov" (Moscow and Leningrad, ANSSR, 1950),82, 310] When one prince angered them, they told him "we have no prince, only God, the Truth, and Holy Wisdom." [ Nasonov, ed. "Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis", 89, 320-21; Michael C. Paul, “The Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche,” "Russian History/ Histoire Russe" 31, No. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 2004):53.] On another occasion, they made the cathedral the symbol of the city itself, saying "Where Holy Wisdom is, there is Novgorod." ["Sofiiskaia Pervaia Letopis", Volume 6 of "Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopisei", p. 251.]

The cathedral has long been the city's great necropolis, the burial place of 47 people of prominence in the city's history, including several princes and posadniks and 32 bishops, archbishops, and metropolitans of Novgorod. The first burial there was Prince Vladimir himself in 1052. The first bishop was Luka Zhidiata in 1060. The last burial in the cathedral was Metropolitan Gurii in 1912. Most of the burials are below the floor in the Martirievskaia Porch, on the south side of the cathedral, named for Bishop Martirii(1193-1199). Later burials took place (again below the floor) in the Pretechenskaia Papter' on the north side of the cathedral. Today, there are several burials in the main body of the church. The sarcophagi of Prince Vladimir and Princess Anna overlook the Martirievskaia Porch; Archbishop Ilya (also known as Ioann) (1165-1186) is buried in the northwestern corner of the main body of the church, next to the Pretechenskaia Porch. Bishop Nikita lies in a glass-covered sarcaphogus between the chapels of the Nativity of the Mother of God and Sts. Ioakim and Anne and the sarcophagus is opened on his feast days (January 30, the day of his death and April 30/May 13, the day of the "uncovering of his relics," i.e., when his tomb was opened in 1558) so the faithful can venerate his relics. Two other princes also lie in the main body of the cathedral and in the Chapel of the Nativity of the Mother of God. [Valentin Lavrent'evich Ianin, "Nekropol Novgorodskogo Sofiiskogo sobora: tserkovnaia traditsiia i istoricheskaia kritika" (Moscow: Nauka, 1988); Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod."]

The cathedral was looted by Ivan the Terrible's Oprichnina in the 1570s but restored by Archbishop Leonid (1572-1575). He built the Tsar's Pew which stands just inside the south entrance of the main body of the cathedral near the Martirievskii Porch. Leonid also had several large chandeliers hung in the cathedral, but only one of them survives. [Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod."]

Beginning in the eighteenth century, the archbishops or metropolitans of Novgorod lived in St. Petersburg (they were known as archbishops or metropolitans of Novgorod and St. Petersburg). Thus, while Novgorod technically still had a prelate, he was not often active in the city itself, and the church in the city was administered by a vicar bishop for much of the time. Twelve metropolitans of Novgorod and St. Petersburg (or Leningrad) are buried in the Aleksandr Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg, rather than in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom.

During the Nazi occupation of Novgorod, the Kremlin was heavily damaged from the battles and from the Nazi abuse. However, the cathedral itself survived. The large cross on the main dome (which has a metal bird attached to it, perhaps symbolic of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove) was removed by Spanish infantry. For over 60 years it resided in the Madrid's Military Engineering Academy Museum, until November 16, 2004 when it was handed over back to the Russian Orthodox Church by the Spanish minister of defense José Bono. The domes were heavily damaged in the war, and the large Christ Pantocrator in the dome was ruined. According to legend, the painters painted him with a clenched fist. The archbishop told them to repaint Christ with an open palm, and when they returned the next morning, the hand was miraculously clenched again. After repeated efforts, a voice from the dome is said to have told the archbishop to leave the painting alone for as long as Christ's fist remained closed, he would hold the fate of Novgorod in his hand. [Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod." See also "Legenda o Spasa Vederzhitele so szhatoiu rukoi," (Легенда о Спасе Вседержителе со сжатою рукой = The Legend of the Almighty Savior with the Clenched Hand",) available online at http://bibliotekar.ru/novgorod13.htm]

During the Soviet period, the cathedral was a museum. It was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1991. An inscription on the north wall of the west entrance attests to its rededication by Bishop Lev and Patriarch Alexius II.

Features

Novgorod's St. Sophia was the first Slavic church in which local divergences from Byzantine pattern were made so evident. With its austere walls, narrow windows, the church is redolent of Romanesque architecture of Western Europe, rather than of Greek churches built at that time.

The Novgorod cathedral also differs strikingly from its namesake and contemporary in Kiev. As one art historian put it, the Kiev cathedral is a bride, whereas the Novgorod cathedral is a warrior. Its decoration is minimal, the use of brick is limited, and the masses are arranged vertically rather than horizontally. These features proved to be influential with Novgorod masters of the next generation, as the Yuriev Monastery Cathedral (1119) and the Antoniev Monastery Cathedral (1117) clearly show.

The oldest icon in the cathedral is probably the Icon of The Mother of God of the Sign, which according to legend miraculously saved Novgorod in 1169 when the Suzdalians attacked the city; it was brought out of the Church of the Transfiguration on Il'ina Street and displayed in the cathedral and on the walls of the city by Archbishop Ilya. The Church of the Icon Mother of God of the Sign was built next to the Church of the Transfiguration in the seventeenth century to house the icon. During the Soviet period, it was housed in the nearby Novgorod Museum (as were the bones of Bishop Nikita, said to have been kept in a paper bag until they were transferred to the Church of Sts. Philip and Nicholas in 1957); the icon was returned to the cathedral in the early 1990s and stands just to the right of the Golden Doors of the iconostasis. The icon of Sophia, the Holy Wisdom of God, is also quite old and is part of the iconostasis just to the right of the Golden Doors as well (where the icon of the saint to which the church is dedicated usually hangs). Several icons were said to have been painted or commissioned by Archbishop Vasilii Kalika (1330-1352) and Archbishop Iona (1458-1470) and Archbishop Makarii (1526-1542) (he went on to become Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus') is said to have painted the icons in the small iconostasis in the Chapel of the Nativity of the Mother of God (the iconostasis originally stood in the Chapel of Sts. Ioakim and Anne, just to the left of its present location. [Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod."]

Three famous sets of gates adorned the cathedral over the centuries; they are known as the Korsun, Vasilii, and Sigtuna (or Magdeburg) Gates. The Korsun Gates hang at the western entrance to the Chapel of the Nativity of the Mother of God at the southeast corner of the cathedral. They were said to have been brought to Novgorod by Bishop Ioakim Korsunianin, whose name indicates ties to Korsun in Crimea. The Vasilii Gates, were donated to the cathedral in 1335 by Archbishop Vasilii Kalika and were taken by Tsar Ivan IV to his residence in Alexandrov near Moscow following the looting of the cathedral in 1570, where they still may be seen. They influenced artwork in the Moscow Kremlin executed under Ivan the Terrible. [Makarii (Veretennikov, Petr Ivanovich; Archimandrite), “Vasil’evskie Vrata.” In "Makarievskaia Chteniia. Russkaia Kul’tura XVI veka – epoka Mitropolita Makariia. Materialy X Rossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii posviashchenoi Pamiati Sviatitelia Makariia". Vypusk 10. (Mozhaisk: Terra, 2003): 111-119.] The doors at the west entrance (intended to be the main entrance to the cathedral, although the main one is now the northern entrance), called the Sigtuna or Magdeburg Gates, are said to have been looted by Novgorodian forces from the Swedish town of Sigtuna in 1187. In fact, they were wrought and sculptured by Magdeburg masters, most likely in the 1150s, perhaps for the Archbishop of Plock in Poland, and were acquired by the Novgorodians towards the end of the 15th century, probably by Archbishop Evfimii II, who loved Western art (as can be seen in the Gothic style incorporated into the Palace of Facets. [Jadwiga Irena Daniec, "The Message of Faith and Symbol in European Medieval Bronze Church Doors" (Danbury, CT: Rutledge Books, 1999); Andrzej Poppe, “K istorii romanskikh dverei Sofii Novgorodskoi.” In G. K. Vagner and D. S. Likhachev. "Srednevekovaia Rus’" (Moscow: Nauka, 1976): 191-200; Tsarevskaia, "St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod"; Idem, "Magdeburgskie vrata Novgorodskoto Sofiiskogo Sobora" (Moscow: Severanyi Palomnik, 2001); A. N. (Anna Nikolaevna.)Trifonova,“Bronzovye dveri Sofiiskogo Sobora v Novgorode.” "Novgorod i Novgorodskaia Zemlia: Istoriia i Arkheologiia" 9 (1995): 230-242.] The Magdeburg gates are opened only twice a year for special occasions, although some reports say that they are opened when the archbishop himself leads the Divine Liturgy.

ee also

*Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev
*Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk
*Hagia Sophia

References