- Chinese units of measurement
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A Traditional Chinese scale
Chinese units of measurement (Chinese: 市制; pinyin: Shìzhì; literally "market system") are the customary and traditional units of measure used in China. In the People's Republic of China, the units were re-standardised during the late 20th century to make them approximate SI (metric) units. Many of the units were formerly based on the number 16 instead of 10. In Hong Kong, the British Imperial system was used together with Hong Kong units of measurement, which were traditional Chinese weights and measures, and now traditional Chinese units and Imperial units are used alongside the metric system, which was introduced by legislation in 1976 as the official standard system of weights and measures. Taiwanese units of measurement, which appeared under the colonial influences of the Dutch and the Japanese, for the most part may have similar names but are different from the Chinese units of measurement. Taiwan is now fully metricated.
The Chinese name for most SI units is based on that of the closest traditional unit. When it is necessary to emphasize which system is used, the words "market" (市 shì) for traditional units or "common/standard" (公 gōng) for SI units may be added in front of the name. SI is the official system of units, but traditional units are still ubiquitously used in everyday life.
Note: The names lí (厘) and fēn (分) for small units are the same for length, area, and mass; however, they refer to different kinds of measurements.
Contents
History
Bronze ruler. Han Dynasty 206 BCE to CE 220. Excavated in Zichang County. Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an.According to the Liji, the legendary Yellow Emperor created the first measurement units. The Xiao Erya and Kongzi jiayu state that length units were derived from the human body. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, these human body units caused inconsistency, and Yu the Great, another legendary figure, unified the length measurements. Rulers with decimal units have been unearthed from Shang Dynasty tombs.
In the Zhou Dynasty, the king conferred nobles with powers of the state and the measurement units began to be inconsistent from state to state. After the Warring States Period, Qin Shi Huang unified China, and later standardized measurement units. In the Han Dynasty, these measurements were still being used, and were documented systematically in the Book of Han.
Astronomical instruments show little change of the length of chi in the following centuries, since the calendar needed to be consistent. It was not until the introduction of decimal units in the Ming Dynasty that the traditional system was revised. In 1928, the government of the Republic of China adopted the metric system as the official standard.
In 1976 the Hong Kong Metrication Ordinance allowed a gradual replacement of the system in favor of the International System of Units (SI) metric system.[1]
The government of the People's Republic of China resumed using the traditional system until 1984, when it adopted the SI system. The SI system became the national standard in 1987.
Ancient Chinese units
Length
Gilded Bronze Ruler - 1 chi = 231 cm. Western Han (206 BCE - CE 8). Hanzhong CityTraditional units of length include the chi (尺), bu (步), and li (里). The precise length of these units, and the ratios between these units, has varied over time. 1 bu has consisted of either 5 or 6 chi, while 1 li has consisted of 300 or 360 bu.
Length in meters[2] dynasty chi bu li = 5 chi = 6 chi = 300 bu = 360 bu Shang 0.1675 1.0050 301.50 0.1690 1.0140 304.20 Zhou 0.1990 1.1940 358.20 Eastern Zhou 0.2200 1.3200 396.00 0.2270 1.3620 408.60 0.2310 1.3860 415.80 Qin 0.2310 1.3860 415.80[3][4] Han 0.2310 1.3860 415.80[5][6] 600 CE 0.2550 1.5300 459.00 Tang 0.2465 1.2325 369.75 443.70 0.2955 1.4775 443.25 531.90 Song 0.2700 1.3500 405.00 486.00 Northern Song 0.3080 1.5400 462.00 554.40 Ming 0.3008–0.3190 1.5040–1.5950 451.20–478.50 541.44–574.20 Qing 0.3080–0.3352 1.5400–1.6760 462.00–503.89 554.40–603.46 Modern Chinese units
All "metric values" given in the tables are exact unless otherwise specified by the approximation sign '~'.
Length
Table of length (modern Chinese) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes hū 忽 1/1 000 000 ⅓ µm sī 丝 1/100 000 3⅓ µm háo 毫 1/10 000 33⅓ µm lí 市厘 1/1000 ⅓ mm fēn 市分 1/100 3⅓ mm ~0.1312 in cùn 市寸 1/10 3⅓ cm ~1.312 in chǐ 市尺 1 33⅓ cm ~1.094 ft Chinese foot bù 步 5 1⅔ m ~1.823 yd Chinese pace zhàng 市丈 10 3⅓ m ~3.645 yd yǐn 引 100 33⅓ m ~36.45 yd lǐ 市里 1500 500 m ~546.8 yd this li is not the small li above,
which has a different character and toneHong Kong length units
Table of length (Hong Kong) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes fen 分 1/100 ~3.715 mm ~0.1463 in tsun 寸 1/10 ~3.715 cm ~1.463 in chek 尺 1 ~37.15 cm ~1.219 ft Hong Kong foot
Exactly 0.371475 metresArea
Table of area (modern Chinese) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes lí 市厘 1 6 2⁄3 m² ~7.973 sq yd fēn 市分 10 66 2⁄3 m² ~79.73 sq yd 10 li mǔ 市亩,
畝100 666 2⁄3 m² ~797.3 sq yd, or
~0.1647 acres10 fen, or
60 zhang²shí (市)石 1,000 6,666 2⁄3 m² ~1.647 acres 10 mu qǐng 市顷 10,000 6 2⁄3 Ha ~16.47 acres 10 shí or 100 mǔ Table of area (modern Chinese square) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes fāng cùn 方寸 1⁄100 11 1⁄9 cm² ~1.722 sq in 100 fen² fāng chǐ 方尺 1 1⁄9 m² ~172.2 sq in, or
~1.196 sq ft100 cun² fāng zhang 方丈 100 11 1⁄9 m² ~119.6 sq ft, or
~13.29 sq yd100 chi² Volume
These units are used to measure cereal grains.
Table of volume (modern Chinese) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value US dry value Imperial value Notes cuō 撮 1/1000 1 ml sháo 勺 1/100 10 ml ~0.6102 cu in gě 合 1/10 100 ml ~0.1816 pints ~6.102 cu in shēng 市升 1 1 L ~1.816 pints ~61.02 cu in dǒu 市斗 10 10 L ~18.16 pints, or
~2.27 gallons~610.2 cu in, or
~0.3531 cu ftdàn 市石 100 100 L ~22.7 gallons ~3.531 cu ft Mass
These units are used to measure the mass of objects. They are also famous for measuring monetary objects such as gold and silver. The decimal system has not been fully adopted by Chinese citizens[citation needed].
Table of mass (modern Chinese) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes hū 忽 1/10 000 000 50 µg sī 絲 1/1000 000 500 µg háo 毫 1/100 000 5 mg lí 市厘 1/10 000 50 mg cash fēn 市分 1/1000 500 mg ~0.2822 dr candareen qián 市钱 1/100 5 g ~2.822 dr mace liǎng 市两 1/10 50 g ~1.764 oz tael or Chinese ounce jīn 市斤 1 500 g ~1.102 lb catty or Chinese pound
formerly 16 liang = 1 jin = 604.79 gdàn 市担 / 擔 100 50 kg ~110.2 lb picul or Chinese hundredweight Hong Kong mass units
(Transcription is in Jyutping.)
Table of mass (Hong Kong) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes candareen 分 (fan1) 1/1600 ~378 mg ~0.2133 dr mace 錢 (cin4) 1/160 ~3.78 g ~2.133 dr tael 両 (loeng2) 1/16 ~37.8 g ~1.333 oz Exactly 37.799 363 75 g catty 斤 (gan1) 1 ~604.8 g ~1.333 lb Exactly 0.604 789 82 kg picul 担 (daam3) 100 ~60.48 kg ~133.3 lb Hong Kong Troy units
These are used for trading precious metals such as gold and silver.
Table of mass (Hong Kong troy) units Unit Hanzi Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes candareen troy 金衡分 1/100 ~374.3 mg ~0.2112 dr mace troy 金衡錢 1/10 ~3.743 g ~2.112 dr tael troy 金衡両 1 ~37.43 g ~1.32 oz Exactly 37.429 grams Time
Table of time units Unit Hanzi Relative value Western value Notes miǎo 秒 1 second old fēn 分 1/60 kè 15 seconds No longer in common usage fēn 分 1 minute zi 字 5 minutes Used mostly in dialogue, since saying 'minutes' implies more accuracy and usually one syllable longer. kè 刻 60 old fēn 15 minutes Historically this had been defined as 1/96, 1/100, 1/108, or 1/120 of a day. The value here is the modern conventional value (1/96 day). xiǎoshí 小时 4 kè 1 hour shíchén 时辰 8 kè 2 hours No longer in common use; retains religious, ceremonial and traditional usage. (Mostly used in religious purposes.) shí 时 10 kè 2.5 hours No longer in common use; retains religious, ceremonial and traditional usage. (Mostly used in religious purposes.) rì,
or tiān日,
or 天12 shíchén 24 hours Since 1645 (except for 1665–1669), the above equivalents have been true. Except for several short periods of a few years each, before 1645 (before the Qing dynasty) the following were true:
- 1 rì
- = 12 shíchén = 10 shí = 100 kè,[7] and
- 1 shíchén
- = 8 1/3 kè = 8 kè 20 fēn.
Historiography
As there were hundreds of unofficial measures in use, the bibliography is quite vast. Up to the 1980s or so, the book by Wu Chenglou (吳承洛), Zhongguo dulianghengshi (中國度量衡史), first printed in 1937 and republished/revised a few times since (1957, 1993), was often used as reference. It relies however mostly on literary accounts. Newer research has put more emphasis on archeological discoveries.[8] From this latter body of work, an abridged Chinese-English overview book appeared in 2005.[9] Alas, no comprehensive text appears to exist in English. A relatively recent and comprehensive bibliography, organized by period studied, has been compiled in 2004 by Theobald, Vogel, et al.;[10] for a shorter list see Wilkinson's Chinese history: a manual (2000).[8]
See also
- Earthly Branches
- History of measurement
- Systems of measurement
- Units of measure
- Chinese numbers
- Chinese classifier
- Chemical elements in East Asian languages
Footnotes
- ^ Yearbook HK. "Yearbook." Metrication. Retrieved on 26 April 2007.
- ^ Schinz, 1996
- ^ Dubs (1938), pp. 276-280; (1955), p. 160, n. 7.
- ^ Hulsewé (1961), pp. 206–207.
- ^ Dubs (1938), pp. 276-280; (1955), p. 160, n. 7.
- ^ Hulsewé (1961), pp. 206–207.
- ^ Nachum Dershowitz, Edward M. Reingold, Calendrical calculations, page 207
- ^ a b Endymion Porter Wilkinson (2000). Chinese history: a manual (2 ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 244-245. ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4.
- ^ Qiu Guangming (丘光明) with translation by Yanming Zhang (张延明), Zhongguo gudai jiliang shi tujian (中国古代计量史图鉴 — A concise history of ancient Chinese measures and weights), Hefei: Hefei gongyedaxue chubanshe (合肥工业大学出版社 — Hefei University Press), 2005, 190p., ISBN 7810932845; bilingual edition: Chinese-English
- ^ Ulrich Theobald, Hans Ulrich Vogel, et al., Chinese, Japanese And Western Research In Chinese Historical Metrology: A Classified Bibliography (1925-2002), Institute for Sinology and Korean Studies, University of Tübingen, Germany, September 2004
References
- Homer H. Dubs (1938): The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku. Vol. One. Translator and editor: Homer H. Dubs. Baltimore. Waverly Press, Inc.
- Homer H. Dubs (1955): The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku. Vol. Three. Translator and editor: Homer H. Dubs. Ithaca, New York. Spoken Languages Services, Inc.
- Hulsewé, (1961). "Han measures." A. F. P. Hulsewé, T'oung pao Archives, Vol. XLIX, Livre 3, pp. 206–207.
- Chinese Measurement Converter - Online Chinese / Metric / Imperial Converter
- Hong Kong government definitions for Chinese units
- Chinese/Metric/Imperial Measurement Converter
- Schinz, Alfred (1996). The magic square: cities in ancient China. Edition Axel Menges. pp. 428. ISBN 3930698021. http://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
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