Manx (cat)

Manx
A crouching, riser-tailed, black and white female Manx.
Alternative names	Manks
Origin	Isle of Man
Common nicknames	Stubbin, rumpy
Breed standard
FIFe	standard
WCF	standard
CFA	standard
TICA	standard
AACE	standard
ACFA	standard
ACF	standard
CCA	standard
NZCF	standard
Notes
Long-haired and semi-long-haired specimens may be considered a separate breed, the Cymric.
Cat (Felis catus)

The Manx cat (/mangks/, IPA /ˈmæŋks/, AHD /mănks/, SAMPA /m{nks/; Manx language: kayt Manninagh), formerly often spelled Manks,^[1] is a breed of domestic cat (Felis catus) originating on the Isle of Man, with a naturally occurring mutation that shortens the tail. Many Manx have a small stub of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; this is the most distinguishing characteristic of the breed, along with elongated rear legs and a rounded head. Manx cats come in all coat colours and patterns, though all-white specimens are rare, and the coat range of the original stock was more limited. Long-haired variants are sometimes considered a separate breed, the Cymric. Manx are prized as skilled hunters, and thus have often been sought by farmers with rodent problems, and been a preferred ship's cat breed. They are said to be social, tame and active. An old local term for the cats is stubbin. Manx have been exhibited in cat shows since the 1800s, with the first known breed standard published in 1903.

Origin and folklore

Tabby, rumpy Manx male champion show cat named Silverwing (UK, 1902)

Tailless cats, then called stubbin^[2] (apparently both singular and plural) in Manx English dialect, were known before the 18th century^{[citation needed]} on the Isle of Man (Mann), hence the name, where they remain a substantial percentage of the local cat population. The are descended from domestic cats brought by sea,^{[citation needed]} of obscure origin,^[3], descended like all house cats from the African Wildcat (F silvestris lybica)^[4] and not from native European Wildcats (F. s. silvestris), of which the island has long been devoid.^[1] In the Manx language proper, "Manx cat" is kayt Manninagh (plural keiyt or kit).^[2][5][6] Manx itself was often spelled Manks well into the late 1800s.^[2][1] There are numerous folktales about the Manx cat, all of them of "relatively recent origin"^[7]:7 as they are focused entirely on the lack of a tail, and are devoid of religious, philosophical, or mythical aspects found in the traditional Irish–Norse folklore of the native Manx culture, and in legends about cats from other parts of the world.^[7]:7

The dominant trait of taillessness arises from a spontaneous mutation, the Manx taillessness gene, that became common on the island because of the limited genetic diversity of island biogeography (an example of the founder effect and, at the sub-specific level, of the species-area curve).^{[8][9][verification needed]}

The name of the promontory Spanish Head on the coast of the isle is often thought to have arisen from the local tale of a ship of the Spanish Armada foundering in the area, though there is no evidence to suggest this actually occurred. Folklore has further claimed that a tailless cat swam ashore from said shipwreck, to found the established breed.^{[citation needed]} However, tailless cats are not commonly known in Spain, even if such a shipwreck were proven. Further elaborations on the story even have it that the cats originally went aboard the fabled Spanish ship in the Far East,^{[citation needed]} but this is probably a modern attempt to link the Manx to the unrelated Japanese Bobtail breed.

Regardless of the genetic reality, there are various Lamarckian folktales that seek to explain why the Manx has a short to no tail. In one of them, Noah closed the door of the Ark when it began to rain, and accidentally cut off the tail of the Manx cat who had almost been left behind.^[10] A mid-twentieth-century postcard from the Isle of Man shows a cartoon scene in which a cat's tail is being run over and severed by a motorcycle, a reference to motorcycle racing being popular on the island, and an update of the Noah story. More postcards from a contemporary "How Manx Cats Are Made" series show similar scenes of another's cut off by a train, and third's bitten off by a fish.^{[citation needed]} Because the gene is so dominant and "invades" other breeds when crossed (sometimes without owner intent or knowledge) with the Manx, some have believed that simply being in the proximity of a Manx cat could cause other breeds to somehow produce tailless kittens.^[11]

Another (genetically impossible) account claims that the Manx is the offspring of a cat and a rabbit, purporting to explain why it has no or little tail, long hind legs and a hopping gait.^[12] The cat-rabbit halfbreed tale has been further reinforced by the more widespread "cabbit" legend.

Populations of tailless cats also exist in a few other places in Europe, most notably Cornwall,^[3] only 250 miles (400 km) from Mann, an easy sail. A population on the isolated Danish peninsula (former island) of Reersø in the Great Belt may be due to the arrival on the island of shipwrecked cats of Manx origin.^[13] Such cats are also found in Crimea,^[3], a near-island Black Sea peninsula, though whether they are genetically related to maritime Manx cats or are a coincidentally similar result of insular genetic diversity limitations, like the unrelated Japanese Bobtail, is unknown.

Recognition as a breed

Manx cats have been exhibited in cat shows, as a named, distinct breed (and with the modern spelling "Manx"), since at least the late 1800s. Early pet breeding and showing expert Charles Henry Lane, himself the owner of a prize-winning rare white rumpy Manx named "Lord Luke", published the first known, albeit informal breed standard for the Manx in his 1903 Rabbits, Cats and Cavies,^[11] but noted that already by the time of his writing "if the judge understood the variety" a Manx would be clearly distinguishable from some other tailless cat being exhibited, "as the make of the animal, its movements and its general character are all distinctive."^[11] In his era, few shows provided a Manx division, and exhibited specimens were usually entered under the "Any Other Variety" class, where they often could not compete well unless "exceptionally good in size and markings".^[11] Not all cat experts of the day were favourable toward the breed; in The Cat: Its Points and Management in Health and Disease, Frank Townend Barton wrote in 1908: "There is nothing whatever to recommend the breed, whilst the loss of the tail in no way enhances its beauty."^[3]

The Manx was one of the first breeds recognised by the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) (the predominant United States-based pedigreed cat registry, founded in 1908), which has records on the breed in North America going back to the 1920s.^[14]

Appearance

Tail or lack thereof

A longy (and rare all-white) Manx female.

Although tail suppression is not the sole characteristic feature of the breed,^[3] the chief defining characteristic of the Manx cat^{[citation needed]} is its absence or near-absence of a tail. This a naturally occurring, cat body-type mutation of the spine, caused by a dominant gene.^{[citation needed]} As with the sometimes-tail-suppressed Schipperke dog and Old English Sheepdog, tail suppression does not "breed true" in Manx cats. Attempting to force it to do so in the cats leads to negative, even fatal genetic disorders (see below). Tail length is random throughout a litter of kittens.^{[citation needed]} Manx to non-Manx breeding will usually produce some Manx-type kittens;^[11] whether these are properly labeled Manx cats is up to the breed standard consulted. Manx cats are classified according to proportional tail length as kittens (the proportion does not change after birth):

• Rumpy^{[citation needed]} or dimple rumpy^{[citation needed]} – having no tail at all, though often a tuft of hair where the tail would have grown from the rumpy^[11]
• Riser^{[citation needed]} or rumpy riser^{[citation needed]} – having a bump of cartilage^[11] under the fur, most noticeable when the animal is happy and raising its tail end
• Stumpy^{[citation needed]} – having a partial tail of vestigial, fused vertebrae,^{[citation needed]} up to about an inch long^[11]
• Stubby^{[citation needed]} – having a short tail of non-fused bones, up to about half an average cat tail^{[citation needed]}
• Longy^{[citation needed]} or tailed^{[citation needed]} – having a half- to normal-length tail^{[citation needed]}

Since the early days of breed recognition,^[11] Manx show cats have been rumpy through stumpy specimens, with stubby and longy Manx not qualifying to be shown except in the "Any Other Variety" class.^{[11][clarification needed]} Kittens with complete tails may be born in a Manx or Manx-cross litter, having not inherited the taillessness gene at all; these are not classified as Manx cats by any breed standards, and cannot pass on the gene, since they do not possess it.

The Manx is easily distinguished from the Japanese Bobtail, which also has a mutation causing a short tail and elongated rear legs. The Bobtail always has a stumpy to stubby tail, which is kinked or curled and has a slightly bulbous appearance, while the Manx has a straight tail when one is present at all. The Bobtail is also triangular-faced and long-eared, with a long body, like many other Asian breeds, and is frequently all-white or mostly white calico, with one blue and one green eye, in pure-bred examples (virtually any coat pattern is possible in either breed, however). The gene responsible for the bobbed tail in the Japanese variety is a recessive, and unrelated to the Manx taillessness gene, which has been associated with a pattern of health issues. The Pixie-bob breed also has a short tail.^{[clarification needed]}

Manx (and other tail-suppressed breeds) do not exhibit problems with balance,^{[citation needed]} since that sense is controlled primarily by the inner ear, and in cats, dogs and other large-bodied mammals has little to do with the tail (contrast rats, for whom the tail is a quite significant portion of their body mass).

With Manx kittens born with stubby or longer tails, Docking (surgical removal) of the tail a few days after birth was formerly common. Although illegal in many jurisdictions (including most of Europe) today, the practise was formerly recommended, although with the caveat that the commonness of the practice meant that many spurious Manx cats – e.g. random British Shorthairs medically altered to look like Manx – were on the market.^[3]

Body and legs

Manx are small to medium-sized cats,^[11] broad-chested with sloping shoulders and flat sides,^[11] and in show condition are firmly muscular and lean,^[11] neither bulky nor fatty.^[11] Lane reported the original, native, naturally occurring pure breed as ranging typically from eight to ten pounds for males and six to eight pounds for females, with many smaller examples but only rare ones larger.^[11] The hind legs of Manx are notably longer than the fore legs,^[11][3] causing the rump to be higher than the shoulder and creating a continuous arch from shoulders to rump giving the cat an overall rounded or humped appearance,^{[citation needed]} though the breed is comparatively long^[11] when stretched out. The fore legs are strong and straight.^[11] The shape is often described as rabbit-like.^[3][12]

Head

Manx cats' heads are rounded in shape,^[11] and medium in depth^[11] with a long neck.^[11] The face is often very expressive,^{[citation needed]} with a small nose.^{[citation needed]} The upright, round-tipped and front-facing ears^[11] are largish.^[11] The eyes are large,^[11] rounded^[11] and prominent,^[11] with their outer corners higher than the inner ones.^{[citation needed]} Absent any bloodlines with a dominant alternative eye color (such as blue in Siamese or related ancestry), Manx usually have some hue variant of yellow ("gold") eyes,^{[citation needed]} and for show purposes follow the eye colour standards of the same coat colour/pattern in non-Manx short-hairs^[11] (or long-hairs, in the case of the Cymric sub-breed).^{[citation needed]}

Coat

Short-haired stumpy Manx

Long-haired Manx (Cymric)

Manx cats exhibit two coat lengths. Short- or long-haired, all Manx have a thick, double-layered coat. The colour and pattern ranges exhibited should conform to the standards for that type of coat in non-Manx.^[11]

The more common short-haired Manx – the original breed – has a coat with a dense, soft, under-layer and a longer, coarse outer layer with guard hairs.^{[citation needed]} The overall appearance of the coat is fine, short and lying close to the skin,^[11] versus fluffy or voluminous.

The long-haired Manx, known to some cat registries as the Cymric, has a silky-textured double coat of medium length, with breeches, belly ruff and neck ruff, tufts of fur between the toes and full ear furnishings.^{[clarification needed][citation needed]} The CFA considers the Cymric to be a variety of Manx and judges it in the short-hair division even though it is long-haired,^{[citation needed]} while The International Cat Association (TICA) judges it in the long-hair division as a distinct Cymric breed.^{[citation needed]} The long-haired variety are of comparatively recent development. Lane wrote in 1903 that the Manx "to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, does not include any long-haired specimens", in his detailed chapter on the breed.^[11]

Regardless of coat length, the colours and coat patterns occurring in the breed today run the gamut of virtually all breeds due to extensive cross-breeding, though not all registries may accept all coats as qualifying for show. The most common coats are tabby, tortoiseshell, calico and solid colours.^{[citation needed]} Widely divergent Manx specimens, including even a colour-point long-hair of evident Himalayan ancestry with blue eyes, have been celebrated on Isle of Man postage stamps since the 1980s, and recent publications often show marbled and spotted varieties. The original insular stock, however, were of less widespread variation. Lane, having "seen a great many of them" wrote of Manx cats that "[i]t is curious that the colours in this variety seem somewhat limited" and that the breed "does not comprise all the colours usually associated with other short-haired varieties".^[11] He reported only very common black, common black and white, common grey-striped tabby, uncommon tortoiseshell, and very rare all-white specimens in 1903.^[11] Calico and point-coloured are notably absent from this list, as are even today's common colourful tabbies. However, writing in England only five years later, Barton suggested that "the Manx may be of any colour, but probably black is the most frequently met with."^[3] According to CFA,^{[citation needed]} entirely white Manx cats still remain extremely rare. In some cases, white Manx may be worth over US$4,000.^{[citation needed]}

Variants (sub-breeds)

Four new, consistent varieties have been developed from the Manx (the original version of which is now sometimes consequently called the Shorthair Manx). These are the Cymric or Longhair Manx, the Isle of Man Shorthair and Isle of Man Longhair, and the Tasman Manx, though only the Cymric has garnered widespread acceptance in breed registries As of November 2011^[update].

Cymric (Longhair Manx)

Main article: Cymric (cat)

The Cymric, also known the Longhair Manx, Long-haired Manx or Manx Longhair, is a tailless or partially tailed cat of Manx stock, with semi-long to long hair, e.g. as the result of cross-breeding with Himalayan, Persian and other longer-haired breeds. While its name refers to Wales, the breed was actually developed in Canada.

Isle of Man Shorthair

Resembling the British Shorthair, the Isle of Man Shorthair is essentially a fully tailed Manx cat. That is, it is a cat of Manx stock, with Manx features, but without with the Manx taillessness gene. It is presently only recognized by the New Zealand Cat Fancy with a breed standard. Any coat colour and pattern acceptable in the British Shorthair is valid in the Isle of Man Shorthair, but the latter requires the double coat of the Manx.^[15]

Isle of Man Longhair

The Isle of Man Longhair is essentially a fully tailed Cymric cat, i.e. a cat of Cymric (and thus Manx) stock, with Cyrmic features, but without with the Manx taillessness gene. It is presently only recognized by the New Zealand Cat Fancy with a breed standard. Coat colours are limited to those acceptable in the British Shorthair, and requires the doubled and thick coat of the Cymric.^[16]

Tasman Manx

The Tasman Manx, named after Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand, is a tailless or partially tailed Manx cat with a curly-haired coat not unlike that of a Selkirk Rex, due a recessive mutation which arose in Manx litters in both Australia and New Zealand. The breed is presently only recognized by the New Zealand Cat Fancy^[17] and the CATZ registry^{[18]:222–224} (also of New Zealand) with breed standards. The coat may be short or semi-long (coat length is not considered to make a breed distinction). The type arose possibly without existing rex mutation bloodlines (and none of the rex breeds are permitted as out-cross partners with Tasman Manx in CATZ breeding guidelines).^[18] Depending on length of tail (if any) and coat, kittens may sometimes be termed "Tasman Cymric", "Tasman Isle of Man Shorthair" or "Tasman Isle of Man Longhair". The term "Tasman Rex" has been applied to cats with this gene that do not fall into one of the previously mentioned labels^[19] (lacking the Manx face and body shape to qualify), though relation if any to extant Rex mutation breeds is unclear. All of these additional terms beyond "Tasman Manx" appear to be "recognized", even promulgated by NZCF^[19] but without breed standards, and even the permissive CATZ registry does not include them As of November 2011^[update].^[18]

Genetics and health

The Manx taillessness gene is dominant and highly penetrant; kittens from two Manx parents are generally born without any tail. Being homozygous for (having two copies of) the gene is semi-lethal and such kittens are usually spontaneously aborted before birth.^{[8][9][verification needed]} Thus, tailless cats can carry only one copy of the gene. Because of the danger of having two copies of the taillessness gene, breeders avoid breeding two entirely tailless Manx cats together.^[20] A tailed Manx bred to a tailed Manx results in all tailed kittens.^{[citation needed]} Breeders have reported all tail lengths in the same litter, and there is no accurate means to predict the ratio of tailed to tailless kittens produced in each litter.^{[citation needed]}

Some partial tails are prone to a form of arthritis that causes the cat severe pain,^[10] and in rare cases Manx-bred kittens are born with kinked short tails because of incomplete growth of the tail during development; kittens with stumpy to longy tails have sometimes been docked at birth as a preventative measure.

"Manx syndrome" or "Manxness" is a colloquial name given to the condition which results when the tailless gene shortens the spine too much. It can seriously damage the spinal cord and the nerves causing spina bifida as well as problems with the bowels, bladder, and digestion. Some live for only 3 years; the oldest recorded was 5 years when affected with the disease. In one study^{[weasel words]} it was shown to affect about 20% of Manx cats, but almost all of those cases were rumpies, which exhibit the most extreme phenotype.^[9] Such problems can be avoided by breeding rumpy Manx cats with stumpy specimens and this breeding practice is responsible for a decline in spinal problems among modern, professionally bred Manx cats today.^[21] Most pedigreed cats are not placed until four months of age (to make sure that they are properly socialised) and this usually also gives adequate time for any such health problems to be identified.^[21] Renowned feline expert Roger Tabor has stated: "Only the fact that the Manx is a historic breed stops us being as critical of this dangerous gene as of other more recent selected abnormalities."^[22] The breed is also predisposed to rump fold intertrigo and corneal dystrophy.^[23] Actual occurrences of Manx syndrome are rare in modern specimens due to informed breeding practices.^{[citation needed]} Manx have been known to live into their mid to high teens and are no more or less healthy than tailed varieties.^{[citation needed]}

Behavior

As with all cat breeds, the cat fancy has arrived through observation at a variety of generalisations about the Manx breed as a whole. No scientific studies have yet been done to prove these assumptions, even on average, but they are widely held. The Manx is considered a social and gregarious feline, and very attached to humans, but also shy of strangers. The breed is said to be highly intelligent, playful, and in its behaviour reminiscent of dogs. For example, like some Maine Coons and a few other breeds, Manx cats often learn to fetch small thrown objects. They may also follow their owners about like puppies, and are believed to be better able to learn simple verbal commands than most cats.

Many of these views of the breed are not known to have a very long pedigree. Lane's early and experienced account of the temperament of this "variety, which is quaint and interesting" is simply that they are "docile, good-tempered and sociable", and that a prize specimen should be "an alert, active animal of much power and energetic character."^[11]

Manx are prized as hunters, known to take down larger prey even when they are young. They have long been sought as mousers by farmers. A strong preference for them as ship's cats is thought to be responsible for the world-wide spread (port to port) of what originated as a very limited, insular breed.^{[citation needed]}

Although all cats, including the great cats, may use both rear legs simultaneously to propel the body forward, especially when moving quickly, Manx cats are often said to move with more of a rabbit-like hop than a stride even when not running.^{[citation needed]}

As a national symbol

The Isle of Man has adopted the Manx cat as one of the symbols of the island nation and its unique culture. On Isle of Man currency, Manx cats are the subject of the reverse of three special commemorative crown coins. The first two, issued in 1970 and 1975, are stand-alone releases in both copper-nickel and silver proofs, while the third in 1988 inaugurated an ongoing series of annual cat coin issues that have also been produced in gold in various sizes; an almost-hidden Manx cat appears in the background on each of the 1989-onward releases featuring other breeds.^[24] A Manx cat also appears on the island's 1980–83 penny. The breed figures on numerous Isle of Man postage stamps, including a 2011 series of 6 that reproduce the art from Victorian era Manx cat postcards,^[25][26] a 1996 one-stamp decorative sheetlet, one stamp in a 1994 tourism 10-stamp booklet, a 1996 five-stamp series of Manx cats around the world, and a 1989 set of the breed in various coat patterns, plus two high-value definitives of 1983 and 1989. The cat appears prominently as the subject of a large number of tourist goods and Manx (in both senses) pride items available on the island and over the Internet, serving (along with the triskelion) as an emblem of the Isle of Man.

Famous and fictional Manx cats

• The renowned ASL-communicating gorilla, Koko, has had three separate Manx (All Ball, Lipstick and Smokey) as companion animals.^{[citation needed]}
• Bob, the subject of Bob the Preschool Cat: A Biography of an Urban Manx Cat by E. Romayne Hertweck (2009, ISBN 9781432735555)

• Bluebeard, from the German animated film Felidae (1994)
• Gordon from the American animated TV series Catscratch (2005–2007)
• Ma Manx, matriarch of a crime gang in the children's novel Rex Tabby: Cat Detective by Daniel Kirk (2004, ISBN 9780439452861)
• Mac Manc McManx, a recurring guest character in the American daily comic strip Get Fuzzy (1999–present)
• Mayor Manx from the American animated TV series SWAT Kats (1993–1995)
• Manx, the antagonist to Slimer, of Slimer! And the Real Ghostbusters (1988–1991)
• Manx Cat, the antagonist for the bulk of Paul Gallico's children's novel Manxmouse: The Mouse Who Knew No Fear (1968, ISBN 9780698102378) and the 1979 Japanese anime based on it
• Manx McCatty from Christopher Reed's children's book The Big Scratch (1988, ISBN 9780345353917)
• Marco the Manx from Joann Roe's series of children's books, Fisherman Cat (1988, ISBN 9780931551024), Castaway Cat (1989, ISBN 9780931551031), Alaska Cat (1990, ISBN 9780931551055) and Samurai Cat (1993, ISBN 9780931551086)
• Max from Adam Whitmore's "Max the Cat" 1986 series of children's books, Max Leaves Home (ISBN 9780382092435), Max in America (ISBN 9780382092442), Max in India (ISBN 9780382092459) and Max in Australia (ISBN 9780382092466)
• Narrator, an orange Manx, in the children's book The Cats of Grand Central by Laura Archibald, illustrated by Garner Beckett (2003, ISBN 9780973095104)
• Olaf, protagonist of Olaf Comes Home by Kathy Dollina Creamer (2001, ISBN 9781873120156), a children's book modeled on "The Ugly Duckling"
• Raffles, Bernie Rhodenbarr's Manx cat in Lawrence Block's "Burglar" series of mystery novels, first appearing in The Burglar Who Traded Ted Williams (1994, ISBN 9780525938071)
• Stimpson "Stimpy" J. Cat, one of the two main characters of the American animated TV series The Ren and Stimpy Show (1991–1996)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Kermode, P. M. C. (October 1885). "Some Remarks on the Mammals of the Isle of Mann". The Manx Note Book (Douglas, IOM: J. H. Johson) I (4): 119–129. http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/manxnb/v04p119.htm. Retrieved 14 October 2011.  In the mid 1880s Kermode still spells it "Manks" in a journal that already prefers "Manx". He reports "We have no representatives wild of the Cat Tribe or of the Dog Tribe" in his enumeration of native mammals.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Cregeen, Archibald (1835 [reprint: 1984]). A Dictionary of the Manks Language with the Corresponding Words or Explanations in English. Douglas, Isle of Man/London, England [reprint: Ilkley, England]: Whittaker, Treacher & Arnot, et al. [reprint: Moxon Pr.]. pp. 106 ("kayt"), 107 ("keiyt"), 122 ("Manninagh"), 193 ("stubbin"). "STUB’BIN, s. m. a cat without a tail." 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Barton, Frank Townend (1908). "The Siamese—Abyssinian—Manx". The Cat: Its Points and Management in Health and Disease. London, England: Everett & Co. p. 31. http://books.google.com/books?id=2yBIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2011-11-18. 
4. ^ Driscoll, C. A.; Macdonald, D. W.; O'Brien, S. J. (2009). "In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets, An Evolutionary View of Domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (S1): 9971–9978. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901586106. PMC 2702791. PMID 19528637. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2702791. 
5. ^ Kneen, J. J. (1938 [corrected reprint: 1990]). English–Manx Pronouncing Dictionary. Douglas [reprint: St Judes, I.o.M.]: Mona's Herald [reprint: Manx Language Society]. pp. 18 ("cat"), 47 ("Manx"). ISBN 87002926. 
6. ^ Kelly, Rev. Dr. John (1866 [originally written 1805, reprinted 1977]). Fockleyr Gailckagh as Baarlagh [Dictionary of Manx Gaelic to English]. Douglas [reprint: Ilkley]: Manx Society [reprint: Manx Language Soc./Scolar Pr.]. pp. 110 ("kaytlag"), 127–8 ("Manninagh, Mannanagh"), 177 ("stubbin").  While stubbin appears in this edition, it is a later interpolation in Kelly's 1805 manuscript, after 1835; like many entries in the 1866 published version, it directly cites Cregeen.
7. ^ ^{a b} Radford, Victor H. (2001). Manx Cat. Pet Love series. Dorking, Surrey, England: Animalia Books/Interpret Publishing. pp. 7–35. ISBN 1-84286-049-6. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Table of various cat genes^{[clarification needed]}
9. ^ ^{a b c} Robinson, R. (1993). "Expressivity of the Manx Gene in Cats". Journal of Heredity 84 (3): 170–2. PMID 8228170. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Manx FAQ from Cat Fancier's Mailing List^{[clarification needed][unreliable source?]}
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag} Lane, Charles Henry (1903). Rabbit, Cats and Cavies: Descriptive Sketches of All Recognized Exhibition Varieties, with Many Original Anecdotes. London, UK: J. M. Dent & Co. pp. 198–202. http://books.google.com/books?id=_DMVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA199&dq=inauthor:%22Charles+Henry+Lane%22+manx. Retrieved 2011-08-01. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Train, Joseph (1845). An Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man, from the Earliest Times to the Present Date; with a View of its Ancient Laws, Peculiar Customs, and Popular Superstitions. Douglas, I.o.M. (among others): Quiggin (among others). pp. 20–21. http://www.archive.org/details/historicalstatis01trai. 
13. ^ homepage of the peninsula of Reersø^{[clarification needed]}
14. ^ Hackett, Stacy N. (September 2009). "Long on Personality: Manx Enthusiasts Claim the Cat's Larger-than-life Personality Makes Up for Its Lack of a Tail". Cat Fancy (Irvine, CA, US: BowTie Inc.): pp. 25–26. ISSN 0892-6514.  This article is a tertiary source that clearly includes information from other sources but does not name them.
15. ^ "Breed Code IMS – Isle of Man Shorthair". NZCF.com. New Zealand Cat Fancy. January 2007. http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Isle%20of%20Man%20SH.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-18. 
16. ^ "Breed Code IML – Isle of Man Longhair". NZCF.com. op. cit. January 2003. http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Isle%20of%20Man%20LH.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-18. 
17. ^ "Breed Code IMS – Tasman Manx". NZCF.com. op. cit.. January 2007. http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Tasman%20Manx.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-18. 
18. ^ ^{a b c} "CATZ Inc. Judges Guild 2009 Index and Breed Standards". NZCF.com. op. cit.. January 2007. http://catzinc.org/documents/2009Standards.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-18. 
19. ^ ^{a b} "Breeds". NZCF.com. op. cit.. 2011. http://www.nzcf.com/breeds/breeders.php. Retrieved 2011-11-18. 
20. ^ Vella, Carolyn; Shelton, Lorraine; McGonagle, John; Stanglein, Terry (1999). Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750640693. 
21. ^ ^{a b} Manx medical facts^{[clarification needed]}
22. ^ Twisty Cats and the Ethics of Breeding for Deformity^{[clarification needed]}
23. ^ Gould, Alex; Thomas, Alison. Breed Predispositions to Diseases in Dogs and Cats. Blackwell. ISBN 1405107480. 
24. ^ Isle of Man Government^{[clarification needed]}
25. ^ "Isle of Man Stamps and Coins". IoMPostOffice.com. Douglas, I.o.M.: Isle of Man Government. 2011. http://www.iompostoffice.com/stamps/Issue.aspx?productid=954&categoryid=223. Retrieved 18 June 2011. 
26. ^ "Manx Cats". WOPA-Stamps.com: The First International Face Value Stamp Site. Gibraltar: World Online Philatelic Agency. 2011. http://www.wopa-stamps.com/index.php?controller=country&action=stampIssue&id=3595. Retrieved 17 August 2011. 

• Howey, Mary Oldfield (1931). The Cat in the Mysteries of Religion and Magic. Rider & Co. pp. 244–247. http://books.google.com/books?id=tbD5BLmC_OwC&pg=PA244&dq=manx+cats#PPA244,M1.  Reprinted 1955 by A. Richmond; 1981, ISBN 0804813604, by Tuttle; and 2003 as The Cat in Magic and Myth, ISBN 0486431142, by Courier/Dover.^{[clarification needed]}
• Simpson, Frances (1903). The Book of the Cat. Cassell & Co. pp. 244–253. http://books.google.com/books?id=iiFlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA244&dq=manx+cats#PPA244,M1. ^{[clarification needed]}
• Godfrey, Rosie; Godfrey, David (2011). "Manx Syndrome". UFAW.org.uk. Wheathampstead, Herts., UK: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. http://www.ufaw.org.uk/manxsyndrome.php. Retrieved 2011-08-01. ^{[clarification needed]}
• Commings, Karen (1999). Manx Cats: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educational. ISBN 0764107534. http://books.google.com/?id=6sEUKj09NRkC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1. ^{[clarification needed]}

External links

• The Manx Breed Council